Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

(outside university)

Толкование Перевод

1 extramural

adjective

(Univ.) außerhalb der Universität nachgestellt

* * *
[ekstrə'mjuərəl]
adjective

1) ((of teaching, lectures etc) for people who are not full-time students at a college etc: extramural lectures.) außerhalb der (Universitäts-, etc.)Mauern

2) (separate from or outside the area of one's studies (in a university etc): extramural activities.) außerhalb (der Universität)

* * *

extra·mu·ral

[ˌekstrəˈmjʊər^əl, AM -ˈmjʊr-]

adj inv

1. esp BRIT (outside university) außeruniversitär, außerhalb der Universität nach n

2. (by correspondence) Fernstudien-; (part-time) Teilzeit-

\extramural courses Fern[studien]kurse pl

* * *
['ekstr\@'mjUərəl]
adj (Brit UNIV)

extramural department — selbstständige Abteilung für Teilzeitkurse, die allen zugänglich sind

I took an extramural course at the university — ich besuchte einen Teilzeitkurs an der Universität

extramural studies — Teilzeitstudium außerhalb des normalen Universitätsprogramms

extramural activity — Zeitvertreib m neben dem Studium; ( esp hum : in spare time ) Freizeitaktivität f (hum)

* * *

extramural adj (adv extramurally)

1. außerhalb der Mauern (einer Stadt etc oder Universität):

extramural courses ( oder classes)

a) Hochschulkurse außerhalb der Universität,

b) Fernkurse

2. ANAT extramural (außerhalb der Wand eines Hohlraums gelegen)

* * *

adjective

(Univ.) außerhalb der Universität nachgestellt

English-german dictionary > extramural
2 extramural

extra·mu·ral [ˌekstrəʼmjʊər^əl, Am -ʼmjʊr-] adj

inv

1) ( esp Brit) ( outside university) außeruniversitär, außerhalb der Universität nach n

2) ( by correspondence) Fernstudien-;

( part-time) Teilzeit-;

\extramural courses Fern[studien]kurse mpl

English-German students dictionary > extramural
3 GENERAL REFERENCES

   ■ Guides to Archives and Libraries

   ■ Amaral, A. Ferreira do. "Archives da la ville de Lisbonne." Archivum 13 (1963): 98-101.

   ■ Andrade e Sousa, Teresa. "Guia das Colecções de Manuscritos da Divisao dos Reservados" [in Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, Lisbon/. Revista da Biblioteca Nacional, 2nd series, 3, 1 (Jan.-April 1988): 95-129.

   ■ Axelson, Eric. "Report on the Archives and Libraries of Portugal." In Eric Axelson, ed., Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1600, 247-63. Johannesburg, South Africa: C. Struik, 1973.

   ■ Boschi, Caio C. Roteiro-sumário de arquivos portugueses de interesse para o pesquisador da História do Brasil. Lisbon: Ed. Universitarias Lusôfonos, 1995.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. "A Glimpse of the Goa Archives." Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. (June 1952): 299-324.

   ■ -. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969: 392-413.

   ■ Brooks, George E. "Notes on Research Facilities in Lisbon and the Cape Verde Islands." International Journal of African Historical Studies 6 (1973): 304-14.

   ■ Cardozo, Manoel. "Portugal [Archives and Libraries]." In Daniel H. Thomas and Lynn M. Case, eds., New Guide to the Diplomatic Archives of Western Europe, 256-74. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975.

   ■ Castro e Almeida, E. de. Inventário dos documentos relativos ao Brasil existentes no Arquivo da Marinha e Ultramar de Lisboa, 6 vols. Rio de Janeiro: 1913-36.

   ■ Centro de Estudos Hist0ricos Ultramarinos. Manuscritos da Ajuda ( guia), 2 vols. Lisbon: CEHU, 1966-73.

   ■ Chilcote, Ronald H. "Documenting Portuguese Africa." Africana Newsletter (Stanford, Calif.) I (Autumn 1963): 16-36.

   ■ Diffie, Bailey W. "Bibliography of the Principal Guides to Portuguese Archives and Libraries." Actas do Colóquio Internacional de Estudos Luso-Brasileiras de 1950 (Washington). Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1953: 181-88.

   ■ Farinha, Maria do Carmo Jasmins Dias. Os Arquivos da Inquisição. Lisbon: Arquivo Nacional de Torre do Tombo, 1990.

   ■ Ferreira, Fernando Bandeira. "Chronique des archives du Portugal." Archivum 11 (1963): 207-14.

   ■ Fonseca, F. Bellard da. "Arquivo Geral da Alfãndega de Lisboa." Anais das Bibliotecas e Arquivos 2nd series, 75-76 (1948): 75-76.

   ■ Garcia, Maria Madalena. Arquivo Salazar: Inventário e Indices. Lisbon: Edit. Estampa, 1992.

   ■ Grover, Mark L. "Research in Portugal." In Iêda Siqueira Wiarda, ed., The Handbook of Portuguese Studies, 435-75. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.

   ■ Instituto Portugües de Arquivos. Guia de Fontes Portuguesas para História de Africa. Vol. I. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/Casa da Moeda, 1991.

   ■ -. Guia de Fontes Portuguesas para a História da América. Volume II. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/Casa da Moeda, 1992. Instituto Portugües do Patrimônio Cultural. Roteiro das bibliotecas e arquivos dependentes administrativamente do Instituto Português do Património. Lisbon: IPPC, 1984. Iria, Alberto. Inventário geral dos códices do Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Nascimento, Aires do. Bibliografia de arquivos portugueses. Lisbon: Instituto Portugües de Arquivos, 1991.

   ■ Pereira, Arnaldo Antônio. "Arquivos históricos de Lisboa: contribuição para um roteiro." Clio 4 (1982): 95-120; 5 (1984-85): 115-48.

   ■ Pereira, Gabriel. Bibliotecas e arquivos nacionais. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional, 1903.

   ■ -. Arquivos nacionais. Coimbra: Univ. da Coimbra, 1910.

   ■ Pescatello, Ann. "Relatôrio [Report] from Portugal: The Archives and Libraries of Portugal and Their Significance for the Study of Brazilian History." Latin American Research Review 5, 2 (1970): 17-52. Rau, Virginia. Arquivos de Portugal: Lisboa. In The International Colloquium on Luso-Brazilian Studies, 189-231. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1953.

   ■ Ribeiro, José Silvestre. Apontamentos históricos sobre bibliotecas portuguesas. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1914.

   ■ Ryder, A. F. C. Materials for West African History in Portuguese Archives. London: Athlone Press, University of London, 1965.

   ■ Serrão, Joel, Maria da Silva Leal, and Miriam Halpern Pereira, eds. Roteiro de fontes da História Portuguesa Contemporânea: Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo. Vols. I and II. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Silva Leal, Maria da, and Miriam Halpern Pereira, eds. Arquivo e Historiografia: Colóquio sobre as Fontes de História Contemporânea Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■ Silveira, Luís. Portugal nos arquivos do estrangeiro, 2 vols. Lisbon: Instituto para a Alta Cultura, 1946-48.

   ■ Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Bibliografia do Ultramar Portugües existente na Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Tovar, Conde de. Catálogo dos Manuscritos Portugueses ou Relativos a Portugal Existentes no Museu Britânico. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências, 1932. Vieira, Alberto. Guia Para A História E Investigação Das Ilhas Atlânticas. Funchal, 1995.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Ajuda Library/Biblioteca Da Ajuda [Lisbon, Portugal)." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 7 (Winter/Spring 1980-81): 1-2.

   ■ -. "Archival Materials and Manuscripts on United States History in Portugal and the Azores Islands." In Lewis Hanke, ed., Guide to the Study of United States History Outside the U.S. 1945-1980, 346-56. White Plains, N.Y.: Kraus International Publications; American Historical Association University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1985.

   ■ -. "The Archives of Portugal: A Guide to an Intelligence Treasure Trove." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 4, 4 (Winter 1990): 539-50.

   ■ Statistical

   ■ Agência Geral do Ultramar. Províncias ultramarinas portuguesas: Dados informativos. Lisbon, 1962-66.

   ■. Portugal: Overseas Provinces: Facts and Figures. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■ Anuário Estatístico de Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 1875-present.

   ■ Anuário Estatístico. II. Províncias Ultramarinas, 1969. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 1971.

   ■ Ayala, José Aldana. Compêndio Geographico-Estadistico de Portugal y sus Posesiones Ultramarinas. Madrid, 1855.

   ■ Balbi, Adriano. Essai Statistique sur le Royaume de Portugal et d'Algarve. Paris, 1822.

   ■ Estatísticas Agrícolas. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 1965-pre-sent.

   ■ Estatísticas Industriais. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 1967-pre-sent.

   ■ Estatísticas de Saúde. Lisbon, 1970-present.

   ■ Gaspar, Jorge, ed. Portugal Em Mapas E Em Números. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1990 ed.

   ■ McNitt, Harold A., comp. Selected Agricultural and Trade Statistics for the European Community: Greece, Spain and Portugal. 1967-79. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture; Statistical Bulletin no. 692, 1982.

   ■ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Portugal: OECD Economic Surveys. Paris: OECD, 1979-present.

   ■ Pery, Geraldo. Geographia e Estatistica de Portugal e Colonias. Lisbon, 1875.

   ■ Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatistica, 1969; annual volumes. Vicente, Ana. "A Statistical Portrait of Portugal." In Iêda Siqueira Wiarda, ed., The Handbook of Portuguese Studies, 477-511. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.

    Encyclopedias and Dictionaries

   ■ Andrade, John. Dicionário Do 25 De Abril. Verde Fauna, Rubra Flora. Lisbon: Nova Arrancada, 2002.

   ■ Azevedo, Candido De, ed. Classe Politica Portuguesa: Estes Politicos Que Nos Governam. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Barreto, Antônio, and Maria Filomena Mônica, eds. Dicionário De História De Portugal. Vols. VII, VIII and IX. Suplemento (to 6 vols. of Joel Serrão, DHP), 3 vols. Oporto: Figueirinhas, 1999-2000.

   ■ Enciclopédia Luso-Brasileira da Cultura, 30 vols., to date. Lisbon: Verbo: 1963-90.

   ■ Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa e Brasileira, 40 vols. Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro, 1924-60.

   ■ Guía das Fundações Portuguesas/ Portuguese Foundations Guide, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Centro Portugües de Fundações, 1996.

   ■ Rosas, Fernando, and J. M. Brandão de Brito, eds. Dicionário de História do Estado Novo, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1996.

   ■ Secretaria de Estado da Informação e Turismo. Orgânica Governamental, Sua Evolução: E Elencos Ministeriais Constituidos Desde 5 De Outubro De 1910 à 31 De Março De 1972. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Selecções do Reader's Digest, ed. Dicionário Enciclopédico Da História De Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Alfa, 1993.

   ■ Serrão, Joel, ed. Dicionário De História De Portugal, 6 vols. Lisbon, 196371.

   ■ -. Pequeno Dicionário De História De Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

    Historical references

   ■ General Histories, Legal, Political Studies, Area and Country Studies

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal, 6 vols. Coimbra, 1922-29. Ameal, João. História de Portugal: Das Orígens Até 1940, 4th ed. Oporto, 1958.

   ■ Anderson, James Maxwell. The History of Portugal. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2000.

   ■ Birmingham, David. A Concise History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993. Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal. Paris, 1949.

   ■ Bourdon, Albert-Alain. Histoire du Portugal. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1970.

   ■ Bradford, Sarah. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1973.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, José Adelino Maltez, and Mendo Castro Henriques. Bem Comum Dos Portugueses. Lisbon: Vega, 1999.

   ■ Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962.

   ■ -. História Breve das Constituiçoes Portuguesas, 4th ed. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ -. Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society, Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.

   ■ Eppstein, John. Portugal: The Country and Its People. London: Queen Anne Press, 1967.

   ■ Ferreira, Eduardo de Sousa, and Helena Rato, eds. Portugal Hoje. Oeiras: Instituto Nacional de Administraçao, 1995. Garcia, José Manuel. História de Portugal: Uma Visão Global, 4th ed. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Kaplan, Marion. The Portuguese: The Land and Its People, 2nd ed. New York: Viking, 1998.

   ■ Koebel, William. Portugal: Its Land and People. London: Constable, 1909. Livermore, Harold V. A History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1947.

   ■ -. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976 ed.

   ■ -. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ -. A Short History of Portugal. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1967.

   ■ Martinez, Pedro Soares. História Diplomática de Portugal. Lisbon, 1986. Mattoso, José, ed. História De Portugal, 8 vols. Lisbon: Estampa, 1993-94. Nowell, Charles E. A History of Portugal. New York: Van Nostrand, 1953.

   ■ -. Portugal. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. História de Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1972-90, various eds.

   ■ -. History of Portugal, 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972; 1976 ed. in one volume.

   ■ -. Historia De Portugal. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 1991.

   ■ -. Breve Historia De Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1995.

   ■ Oliveira Martins, J. História de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1880 and later editions.

   ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991. Pajot, Lalé. Le Portugal. Paris: Pichon and Durand, 1971. Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal, 2 vols. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973.

   ■ Peres, Damião, ed. História de Portugal, 9 vols. Barcelos and Coimbra, Monumental Edition, 1928-35.

   ■ Raibaud, A. Petite Histoire du Portugal: Des Origines à 1910. Nice, 1964.

   ■ Reynold, Gonzague de. Portugal. Paris, 1936.

   ■ Saraiva, José Hermano. História Concisa de Portugal. Lisbon, 1978 and later eds.

   ■ -. História De Portugal, 4th ed. Mem Martins: Pub. Europa-América, 1993.

   ■ -. Portugal: A Companion History. Ed. and expanded by Ian Robertson and

   ■ L. C. Taylor. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Sayers, Raymond S., ed. Portugal and Brazil in Transition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Lisbon, 1931.

   ■ Sérgio, Antônio. A Sketch of the History of Portugal. Lisbon, 1928.

   ■ Serrão, Joel, and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História De Portugal, 10 vols. Lisbon, 1987-.

   ■ Silva, Manuela, coord. Portugal Contemporâneo: Problemas e perspectivas. Oeiras: Instituto Nacional de Administração, 1986.

   ■ Trend, J. B. Portugal. London: Ernest Benn, 1957.

   ■ Veríssimo Serrão, José. História De Portugal, 14 vols. Lisbon, 1980-97.

   ■ Vieira, Nelson H., ed. Roads to Today's Portugal: Essays on Contemporary Portuguese Literature, Art and Culture. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1983.

   ■ Wiarda, Iêda Siqueira, ed. The Handbook of Portuguese Studies. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.

   ■ Historical Document Collections: Portugal Almeida, Manuel Lopes de, ed. Obras dos Príncipes de Avis. Oporto: Lello, 1981.

   ■ Andrade e Silva, José Justino da, ed. Collecção Chronologica da Legislação Portugueza ( 1603-1702), 10 vols. Lisbon De Souza, 1854-59.

   ■ Azevedo, Ruy Pinto de. Documentos Medievais Portugueses, 3 vols. Lisbon:

   ■ Academia Portuguesa de Histôria, 1940-62. Borges de Castro, José Ferreira, ed. Collecção dos Tratados, Convenções, Contratos e Actos Publicos Celebrados entre a Coroa de Portugal... desde 1640 até ao Presente, 30 vols. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1856-80. Boxer, C. R., ed. The Tragic History of the Sea, 1589-1622. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, vol. 112. Cambridge University Press, 1959.

   ■. Further Selections from the Tragic History of the Sea. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, vol. 132. Cambridge University Press, 1968. Coelho, Antônio Borges, ed. Portugal na Espanha Arabe, 4 vols. Lisbon, Seara Nova, 1972-75.

   ■ Cruz, Alfeu, ed. Colecção Anotada de Legislação da República Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1917.

   ■ David, Charles Wendell, ed. The Conquest of Lisbon. New York, 1936.

   ■ Dinis, Joaquim Dias, ed. Monumenta Henricina, 15 vols. Coimbra: Comissao Executiva das Comemorações do V Centenário da Morte do Infante D. Henrique, 1960-74.

   ■ Documentos para a História das Cortes gerais da Nação Portuguesa. Vol. I (1820-25) and later vols. Lisbon, 1889.

   ■ Duarte, Dom (King of Portugal). Leal Conselheiro. João Morais Barbosa, ed. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional and Casa da Moeda, 1982.

   ■ Faye, Jean Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976.

   ■ Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

   ■ Fonseca, Luís Adão da. O essencial sobre O Tratado de Windsor [ 1386]. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional and Casa da Moeda, 1986.

   ■ Fundação Gulbenkian. Ordenações manuelinas, 5 vols. Lisbon: Fund. Gulben-kian, 1984.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. História Contemporânea De Portugal, 5 vols. Lisbon: Multilar, 1985-90.

   ■ Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Dez Anos De Política Externa ( 19361948): A Nação Portuguesa E A Segunda Guerra Mundial, 20 vols. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 1973-98.

   ■ Neves, Orlando, ed. Textos Históricos Da Revolução, 3 vols. Lisbon: Diabril, 1975-76.

   ■ Oliveira, Eduardo Freire de, ed. Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa, 17 vols. Lisbon: Typ. Universal, 1882-1911.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A.H. de, ed. Antologia da Historiografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Mem Martins: Europa-América, 1975. Pereira, Miriam Halpern, ed. Revolução, Finanças, Dependência Externa. Vol. I (de 1820 a convenção de Gramido). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■ Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira. Discursos e Notas Políticas, 6 vols. Coimbra: Coimbra Edit., 1932-67.

   ■ -. Entrevistas: 1960-1966. Coimbra: Coimbra Edit., 1967.

   ■ -. Salazar. Pensamento e doutrina política: Textos antológicos. Lisbon: Verbo, 1989.

   ■ Sampaio, Carlos Rangel de. Preparativos de Uma Revolta—Documentos Inéditos de 1840 a 1846. Lisbon, 1905.

   ■ Santarém, Visconde do e L.A. Rebelo da Silva, eds. Quadro elementar das relações politicas e diplomáticas de Portugal com as diversas potências do mundo, 19 vols. Paris and Lisbon, 1842-76.

   ■ Serrão, Joel, ed. Antologia Do Pensamento Político Português/1. Liberalismo, Socialismo, Republicanismo. Oporto: Inova, 1970.

   ■ Sousa Costa, Antônia Domingues, ed. Monumenta Portugaliae Vaticana, 4 vols. Rome, Oporto and Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1968-70.

   ■ Tomás, Manuel Fernandes. A Revolução de 1820. José Tengarrinha, ed. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vicente, Ana. Portugal Visto Pela Espanha: Correspondência Diplomática, 1939-1960. Lisbon: Assíro & Alvim, 1992.

   ■ Historical Document Collections: Portuguese Empire

   ■ Agência Geral das Colônias. Antologia Colonial Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon: Agencia Geral das Colônias, 1946-47.

   ■ Albuquerque, Afonso de. Albuquerque: Caesar of the East. T. F. Earle and John Villiers, trans., eds. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1990.

   ■ Alexandre, Valentim, ed. Orígens do colonialismo portugües moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■ Almada, José de, ed. Tratados Aplicáveis ao Ultramar, 8 vols. Lisbon: MNE, 1942-46.

   ■ Arquivo das Colonias, 5 vols. Lisbon: Ministério das Colônias, 1917-33. Arquivos de Angola, 19 vols. 1st series, Luanda: 1933-59; 16 vols., 2nd series, 1960-74.

   ■ Arquivos de Macau, 9 vols. Macau, 1929-74.

   ■ Barbosa, Duarte. The Book of Duarte Barbosa, 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society: 2nd series, no. 44 (1918) and 49 (1921).

   ■ Bensaúde, Joaquim, ed. Histoire de la science nautiqueportugaise a l' epoque des grandes découvertes, 7 vols. Munich and Lisbon: Kuhn, 1914-24.

   ■ Biker, Júlio Firmino Júdice, ed. Collecção de tratados e concertos de pazes que o Estado da India fez com os Reis e Senhores com que teve relações nas partes da Asia e Africa desde o princípio até ao fim do século XVIII, 14 vols. Lisbon, 1881-87.

   ■ Bragança Pereira, A. B., ed. Arquivo Portugües Oriental, 11 vols. Bastora, Goa: Rangel, 1936-40.

   ■ Brásio, Antônio, SJ. Monumenta missionária africana, 20 vols. Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar, 1952-80.

   ■ Caminha, Pero Vaz de. A Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha. Jaime Cortesão, ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1967.

   ■ Carreira, Antônio. Documentos para a História das Ilhas de Cabo Verde e " Rios de Guiné." Lisbon: Ed. do Autor, 1983.

   ■ Centro de Estudos Histôricos Ultramarinos. Documentação Ultramarina Portuguesa. Lisbon: CEHU, 1960-74.

   ■ -. Documentos sobre os portugueses em Moçambique e na Africa Central, 1497-1840, 8 vols. Lisbon: National Archives of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and CEHU, 1962-80.

   ■ Cooper, Michael, ed. They Came to Japan: An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543-1640. London: Thames and Hudson, 1963.

   ■ Cortesao, Armando, ed. The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires... and the Book of Francisco Rodrigues, 2 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, vols. 89, 90: 1944.

   ■ Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira da Mota, eds. Portugalia monumenta cartographica, 6 vols. Coimbra: CMIH, 1958-63. Cunha Rivara, J. H. da, ed. Arquivo Portuguez Oriental, 9 vols. Nova-Goa, 1857-76.

   ■ Documentos Históricos da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 135 vols. Rio de Janeiro, 1928-.

   ■ Documentos remetidos da índia ou livros das Monções, 5 vols. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências, 1880-1935. Fernandes de Oliveira, Mário Antônio, ed. Angolana: Documentação sobre Angola, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979-80.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon: Edit. Gleba, 1947-56.

   ■ Leite, Serafim, SJ, ed. Historia da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil, 10 vols. Lisbon, 1938-50.

   ■ Levine, Robert M., and John J. Crocitti, eds. The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1999.

   ■ Ley, C. D., ed. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero, and Susana Münch Miranda, eds. Os primeiros 14 documentos relativos a Armada de Pedro Alvares Cabral. Lisbon: CNCDP, 1999.

   ■ Pissurlencar, Panduronga. Assentos do Conselho do Estado da índia, 16181750, 5 vols. Bastorá-Goa, India, 1953-57.

   ■ Sá, Padre Artur Basílio de, ed. Documentação para a história das missões do Padroado Português do Oriente: Isulíndia, 6 vols. Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar, 1954-88.

   ■ Silva Marques, João Martins, ed. Descobrimentos Portugueses: Documentos para a sua história, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71. Silva Rego, Antônio da, ed. Documentação para a história das missões do padroado português no Oriente. 12 vols. Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar, 1947-58.

   ■ Historical Chronicles of Portugal and of Empire

   ■ Barros, João de. Asia. Hernâni Cidade, ed., 4 vols. Lisbon: Agência Geral das Colônias, 1945-46.

   ■ Castanheda, Fernão Lopes de. História do Descobrimento e Conquista da índia pelos Portugueses. Manuel Lopes de Almeida, ed., 2 vols. Oporto: Lello, 1979.

   ■ Correia, Gaspar. Lendas da índia. Manuel Lopes de Almeida, ed., 4 vols. Oporto: Lello, 1975.

   ■. Crónicas de D. Manuel e D. João III ( até 1533). José Pereira da Costa, ed. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências, 1992. Couto, Diogo do. Da Asia [continues De Barros chronicle]. Hernani Cidade, ed., 4 vols. Lisbon: Agência Geral das Colônias, 1945-46.

   ■. O soldado práctico, 2nd ed. M. Rodrigues Lapa, ed. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1954.

   ■ Galvão, Antônio. Tratado dos Descobrimentos. Oporto: Liv. Civilização, 1944.

   ■ Gôis, Damião de. Crónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel. Joaquim de Carvalho and David Lopes, eds., 4 vols. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 1926.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. Crónica de D. Pedro I. Barcelos, 1932.

   ■. Crónica de D. Fernando, 2 vols. Barcelos: Portucalense, 1933-35.

   ■. Crónica de El-Rei D. João I, 2 vols. Oporto: Liv. Civilização, 1945- 49.

   ■. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, trans., eds. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Mendonça, Jerónimo de. Jornada d'Africa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1904.

   ■ Pereira, Duarte Pacheco. Esmeraldo de situ orbis. George H. T. Kimble, trans. London: Hakluyt Society, vol. 79, 1937.

   ■. Esmeraldo de situ orbis. Damião de Peres, ed. Lisbon: Academia Portuguesa da Histôria, 1988.

   ■ Pina Rui de. Crónica d'El Rey D. Affonso V, 3 vols. Lisbon: Clássicos Portuguezes, 1901-2.

   ■. Crónica d'El Rey D. Affonso II e d'El Rey D. Sancho II. Lisbon: Clássicos Portuguezes, 1906.

   ■. Crónica d'El Rey D. Affonso III. Lisbon: Clássicos Portuguezes, 1908.

   ■. Crónica d'El Rey D. Diniz. Oporto: Liv. Civilização, 1945.

   ■. Crónica d'El Rey D. João II. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 1950.

   ■. Crónica do muy excellente Dom Joham de gloriosa memoria. Lisbon, 1972-96.

   ■ Zurara, Gomes Eanes de. The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, 2 vols. C. R. Beazley and Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Hakluyt Society, 1896-99.

   ■. Crónica da tomada de Ceuta. Lisbon, 1915.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > GENERAL REFERENCES
4 law

noun

1) no pl. (body of established rules) Gesetz, das; Recht, das

the law forbids/allows something to be done — nach dem Gesetz ist es verboten/erlaubt, etwas zu tun

according to/under British etc. law — nach britischem usw. Recht

break the law — gegen das Gesetz verstoßen

be against the law — gegen das Gesetz sein

under the or by or in law — nach dem Gesetz

be/become law — vorgeschrieben sein/werden

lay down the law — Vorschriften machen (to Dat.)

lay down the law on/about something — sich zum Experten für etwas aufschwingen

law enforcement — Durchführung der Gesetze/des Gesetzes

2) no pl., no indef. art. (control through law) Gesetz, das

law and order — Ruhe und Ordnung

be above the law — über dem Gesetz stehen

outside the law — außerhalb der Legalität

3) (statute) Gesetz, das

there ought to be a law against it/people like you — so etwas sollte/Leute wie du sollten verboten werden

be a law unto oneself — machen, was man will

4) no pl., no indef. art. (litigation) Rechtswesen, das; Gerichtswesen, das

go to law [over something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht gehen; [wegen etwas] den Rechtsweg beschreiten

have the law on somebody — (coll.) jemandem die Polizei auf den Hals schicken (ugs.); jemanden vor den Kadi schleppen (ugs.)

take the law into one's own hands — sich (Dat.) selbst Recht verschaffen

5) no pl., no indef. art. (profession)

practise law — Jurist/Juristin sein

6) no pl., no art. (Univ.): (jurisprudence) Jura o. Art.; Rechtswissenschaft, die; attrib. Rechts-

Faculty of Law — juristische Fakultät

law school — (Amer.) juristische Fakultät

7) no indef. art. (branch of law)

commercial law — Handelsrecht, das

8) (Sci., Philos., etc.) Gesetz, das

law of nature, natural law — Naturgesetz, das

* * *
[lo:]
noun

1) (the collection of rules according to which people live or a country etc is governed: Such an action is against the law; law and order.) das Recht

2) (any one of such rules: A new law has been passed by Parliament.) das Gesetz

3) ((in science) a rule that says that under certain conditions certain things always happen: the law of gravity.) das Gesetz

•

- academic.ru/42012/lawful">lawful
- lawfully
- lawless
- lawlessly
- lawlessness
- lawyer
- law-abiding
- law court
- lawsuit
- be a law unto oneself
- the law
- the law of the land
- lay down the law
* * *

law

[lɔ:, AM esp lɑ:]

n

1. (rule) Gesetz nt

many doctors want to see a \law banning all tobacco advertising viele Ärzte fordern ein Verbot jeglicher Tabakwerbung

the \laws governing the importation of animals... die Gesetze zur Einführung von Tieren...

his word is \law sein Wort ist Gesetz

there is a \law against driving on the wrong side of the road es ist verboten, auf der falschen Straßenseite zu fahren

the first \law of politics is... das oberste Gesetz in der Politik lautet...

\law of taxation Steuerrecht nt

2. no pl (legal system) Recht nt

to take the \law into one's own hands Selbstjustiz betreiben

\law and order Recht und Ordnung, Law and Order fam

to be against the \law illegal [o gegen das Gesetz] sein

to be above the \law über dem Gesetz stehen

to break/obey the \law das Gesetz brechen/befolgen

to remain within the \law sich akk im Rahmen des Gesetzes bewegen

3. no pl (police)

▪ the \law die Polizei

to get the \law on sb ( fam) jdm die Polizei auf den Hals hetzen fam

4. (scientific principle) [Natur]gesetz nt

\law of averages Gesetz nt der Serie

\law of chance SCI Zufallsgesetz nt

\law of conservation of energy PHYS Energie[erhaltungs]satz m

\law of conservation of matter CHEM, PHYS Massenerhaltungssatz m

\law of constant heat summation PHYS Gesetz nt der konstanten Wärmesummen

\law of constant [or definite] proportions CHEM Gesetz nt der konstanten Proportionen

\law of error propagation MATH Fehlerfortpflanzungsgesetz nt

the \law of supply and demand das Gesetz von Angebot und Nachfrage

5. no pl (at university) Jura kein art, Jus nt ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ

to study \law Jura [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ Jus] studieren

6.

▶ to go to \law vor Gericht gehen

▶ the \law of the jungle das Gesetz des Stärkeren

▶ there's one \law for the rich and another for the poor ( saying) wer Geld hat, [der] hat auch das Gesetz auf seiner Seite

▶ sb is a \law unto oneself jd lebt nach seinen eigenen Gesetzen

* * *
[lɔː]
n

1) (= rule ALSO JEWISH, SCI) Gesetz nt

law of nature — Naturgesetz nt

it's the law — das ist Gesetz

his word is law — sein Wort ist Gesetz

to become law — rechtskräftig werden

to pass a law — ein Gesetz verabschieden

is there a law against it? — ist das verboten?

there is no law against asking, is there? (inf) — man darf doch wohl noch fragen, oder?

he is a law unto himself — er macht, was er will

2) (= body of laws) Gesetz nt no pl; (= system) Recht nt

according to or in or by or under French law — nach französischem Recht

by law — gesetzlich

by law all restaurants must display their prices outside — alle Restaurants sind gesetzlich dazu verpflichtet, ihre Preise draußen auszuhängen

he is above/outside the law — er steht über dem Gesetz/außerhalb des Gesetzes

what is the law on drugs? — wie sind die Drogengesetze?

to keep within the law — sich im Rahmen des Gesetzes bewegen

in law — vor dem Gesetz

in law — Unwissenheit schützt vor Strafe nicht

a change in the law —

the law as it relates to property — die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen über das Eigentum

civil/criminal law — Zivil-/Strafrecht nt

3) (as study) Jura no art, Recht(swissenschaft f) nt

4) (SPORT) Regel f; (ART) Gesetz nt

the laws of harmony — die Harmonielehre

one of the basic laws of harmony — eins der grundlegenden Prinzipien der Harmonielehre

5)

(= operation of law) law — eine Anwaltspraxis haben

to go to law — vor Gericht gehen, den Rechtsweg beschreiten

to take sb to law — gegen jdn gerichtlich vorgehen, jdn vor Gericht bringen

to take a case to law — in einer Sache gerichtlich vorgehen, einen Fall vor Gericht bringen

to take the law into one's own hands — das Recht selbst in die Hand nehmen

law and order — Ruhe or Recht und Ordnung, Law and Order

the forces of law and order — die Ordnungskräfte pl

6)

the law (inf) — die Polente (dated inf), die Bullen (sl)

I'll get the law on you ( Brit inf ) — ich hole die Polizei

he got the law on to me ( Brit inf ) — er hat mir die Polizei auf den Hals gehetzt (inf)

* * *

law¹ [lɔː] s

1. (objektives) Recht, Gesetz n, Gesetze pl:

according to law, by law, in law, under the law nach dem Gesetz, von Rechts wegen, gesetzlich;

contrary to law, against the law gesetz-, rechtswidrig;

under German law nach deutschem Recht;

law and order Recht oder Ruhe und Ordnung;

act within the law sich im Rahmen des Gesetzes bewegen, gesetzmäßig handeln;

take the law into one’s own hands sich selbst Recht verschaffen, zur Selbsthilfe greifen; → come up 6, domestic A 1, inheritance 1 b, jungle, property 1, succession 4 d

2. (einzelnes) Gesetz:

the bill has become ( oder passed into) law die Gesetzesvorlage ist (zum) Gesetz geworden

3. → common law

4. Recht n:

a) Rechtssystem n:

the English law

b) (einzelnes) Rechtsgebiet:

law of nations Völkerrecht, internationales Recht; → commercial law, international A 1

5. Rechtswissenschaft f, Jura pl:

comparative law vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft;

read ( oder study, take) law Jura studieren;

learned in the law rechtsgelehrt;

Doctor of Laws Doktor m der Rechte; → practice C 2

6. Juristenberuf m, juristische Laufbahn:

be in the law Jurist(in) sein

7. Rechtskenntnisse pl:

he has only little law

8. Gericht n, Rechtsweg m:

at law vor Gericht, gerichtlich;

go to law vor Gericht gehen, den Rechtsweg beschreiten, prozessieren;

go to law with sb, have ( oder take) the law of ( oder on) sb jemanden verklagen oder belangen

9. umg

a) Bullen pl pej (Polizei)

b) Bulle m pej (Polizist)

10. allg Gesetz n, Vorschrift f, Gebot n, Befehl m:

be a law (un)to o.s. sich über jegliche Konvention hinwegsetzen; tun, was einem passt;

lay down the law sich als Autorität aufspielen ( to sb jemandem gegenüber);

lay down the law to sb jemandem Vorschriften machen

11. a) Gesetz n, Grundsatz m, Prinzip n:

the laws of probability ( oder averages) die Gesetze der Wahrscheinlichkeit

b) (Spiel)Regel f:

the laws of the game die Spielregeln

12. a) auch law of nature Naturgesetz n

b) (wissenschaftliches) Gesetz: → causality 1, inertia 1, proportion A 4

c) (Lehr)Satz m:

law of sines MATH Sinussatz;

law of thermodynamics PHYS Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik

13. Gesetzmäßigkeit f, Ordnung f (in der Natur):

not chance, but law nicht Zufall, sondern Gesetzmäßigkeit

14. REL

a) (göttliches) Gesetz oder Gebot

b) oft Law koll (göttliches) Gesetz, Gebote pl Gottes

15. REL

a) the Law (of Moses) das Gesetz (des Moses), der Pentateuch

b) das Alte Testament

law² [lɔː] int umg obs herrje!

L., l. abk

1. lake

2. law

3. league

4. left li.

5. line

* * *

noun

1) no pl. (body of established rules) Gesetz, das; Recht, das

the law forbids/allows something to be done — nach dem Gesetz ist es verboten/erlaubt, etwas zu tun

according to/under British etc. law — nach britischem usw. Recht

break the law — gegen das Gesetz verstoßen

be against the law — gegen das Gesetz sein

under the or by or in law — nach dem Gesetz

be/become law — vorgeschrieben sein/werden

lay down the law — Vorschriften machen (to Dat.)

lay down the law on/about something — sich zum Experten für etwas aufschwingen

law enforcement — Durchführung der Gesetze/des Gesetzes

2) no pl., no indef. art. (control through law) Gesetz, das

law and order — Ruhe und Ordnung

be above the law — über dem Gesetz stehen

outside the law — außerhalb der Legalität

3) (statute) Gesetz, das

there ought to be a law against it/people like you — so etwas sollte/Leute wie du sollten verboten werden

be a law unto oneself — machen, was man will

4) no pl., no indef. art. (litigation) Rechtswesen, das; Gerichtswesen, das

go to law [over something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht gehen; [wegen etwas] den Rechtsweg beschreiten

have the law on somebody — (coll.) jemandem die Polizei auf den Hals schicken (ugs.); jemanden vor den Kadi schleppen (ugs.)

take the law into one's own hands — sich (Dat.) selbst Recht verschaffen

5) no pl., no indef. art. (profession)

practise law — Jurist/Juristin sein

6) no pl., no art. (Univ.): (jurisprudence) Jura o. Art.; Rechtswissenschaft, die; attrib. Rechts-

Faculty of Law — juristische Fakultät

law school — (Amer.) juristische Fakultät

7) no indef. art. (branch of law)

commercial law — Handelsrecht, das

8) (Sci., Philos., etc.) Gesetz, das

law of nature, natural law — Naturgesetz, das

* * *

n.

Gesetz -e n.

Recht -e n.

Rechtswissenschaft f.

Vorgabe -n (Jagd, Sport) f.

English-german dictionary > law
5 extramural

[ekstrə'mjuərəl]
adjective

1) ((of teaching, lectures etc) for people who are not full-time students at a college etc: extramural lectures.) folkeuniversitets-; åben universitets-

2) (separate from or outside the area of one's studies (in a university etc): extramural activities.) folkeuniversitets-; åben universitets-

* * *
[ekstrə'mjuərəl]
adjective

1) ((of teaching, lectures etc) for people who are not full-time students at a college etc: extramural lectures.) folkeuniversitets-; åben universitets-

2) (separate from or outside the area of one's studies (in a university etc): extramural activities.) folkeuniversitets-; åben universitets-

English-Danish dictionary > extramural
6 Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

(1889-1970)

   The Coimbra University professor of finance and economics and one of the founders of the Estado Novo, who came to dominate Western Europe's longest surviving authoritarian system. Salazar was born on 28 April 1889, in Vimieiro, Beira Alta province, the son of a peasant estate manager and a shopkeeper. Most of his first 39 years were spent as a student, and later as a teacher in a secondary school and a professor at Coimbra University's law school. Nine formative years were spent at Viseu's Catholic Seminary (1900-09), preparing for the Catholic priesthood, but the serious, studious Salazar decided to enter Coimbra University instead in 1910, the year the Braganza monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the First Republic. Salazar received some of the highest marks of his generation of students and, in 1918, was awarded a doctoral degree in finance and economics. Pleading inexperience, Salazar rejected an invitation in August 1918 to become finance minister in the "New Republic" government of President Sidónio Pais.

   As a celebrated academic who was deeply involved in Coimbra University politics, publishing works on the troubled finances of the besieged First Republic, and a leader of Catholic organizations, Sala-zar was not as modest, reclusive, or unknown as later official propaganda led the public to believe. In 1921, as a Catholic deputy, he briefly served in the First Republic's turbulent congress (parliament) but resigned shortly after witnessing but one stormy session. Salazar taught at Coimbra University as of 1916, and continued teaching until April 1928. When the military overthrew the First Republic in May 1926, Salazar was offered the Ministry of Finance and held office for several days. The ascetic academic, however, resigned his post when he discovered the degree of disorder in Lisbon's government and when his demands for budget authority were rejected.

   As the military dictatorship failed to reform finances in the following years, Salazar was reinvited to become minister of finances in April 1928. Since his conditions for acceptance—authority over all budget expenditures, among other powers—were accepted, Salazar entered the government. Using the Ministry of Finance as a power base, following several years of successful financial reforms, Salazar was named interim minister of colonies (1930) and soon garnered sufficient prestige and authority to become head of the entire government. In July 1932, Salazar was named prime minister, the first civilian to hold that post since the 1926 military coup.

   Salazar gathered around him a team of largely academic experts in the cabinet during the period 1930-33. His government featured several key policies: Portuguese nationalism, colonialism (rebuilding an empire in shambles), Catholicism, and conservative fiscal management. Salazar's government came to be called the Estado Novo. It went through three basic phases during Salazar's long tenure in office, and Salazar's role underwent changes as well. In the early years (1928-44), Salazar and the Estado Novo enjoyed greater vigor and popularity than later. During the middle years (1944—58), the regime's popularity waned, methods of repression increased and hardened, and Salazar grew more dogmatic in his policies and ways. During the late years (1958-68), the regime experienced its most serious colonial problems, ruling circles—including Salazar—aged and increasingly failed, and opposition burgeoned and grew bolder.

   Salazar's plans for stabilizing the economy and strengthening social and financial programs were shaken with the impact of the civil war (1936-39) in neighboring Spain. Salazar strongly supported General Francisco Franco's Nationalist rebels, the eventual victors in the war. But, as the civil war ended and World War II began in September 1939, Salazar's domestic plans had to be adjusted. As Salazar came to monopolize Lisbon's power and authority—indeed to embody the Estado Novo itself—during crises that threatened the future of the regime, he assumed ever more key cabinet posts. At various times between 1936 and 1944, he took over the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of War (Defense), until the crises passed. At the end of the exhausting period of World War II, there were rumors that the former professor would resign from government and return to Coimbra University, but Salazar continued as the increasingly isolated, dominating "recluse of São Bento," that part of the parliament's buildings housing the prime minister's offices and residence.

   Salazar dominated the Estado Novo's government in several ways: in day-to-day governance, although this diminished as he delegated wider powers to others after 1944, and in long-range policy decisions, as well as in the spirit and image of the system. He also launched and dominated the single party, the União Nacional. A lifelong bachelor who had once stated that he could not leave for Lisbon because he had to care for his aged mother, Salazar never married, but lived with a beloved housekeeper from his Coimbra years and two adopted daughters. During his 36-year tenure as prime minister, Salazar engineered the important cabinet reshuffles that reflect the history of the Estado Novo and of Portugal.

   A number of times, in connection with significant events, Salazar decided on important cabinet officer changes: 11 April 1933 (the adoption of the Estado Novo's new 1933 Constitution); 18 January 1936 (the approach of civil war in Spain and the growing threat of international intervention in Iberian affairs during the unstable Second Spanish Republic of 1931-36); 4 September 1944 (the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy and the increasing likelihood of a defeat of the Fascists by the Allies, which included the Soviet Union); 14 August 1958 (increased domestic dissent and opposition following the May-June 1958 presidential elections in which oppositionist and former regime stalwart-loyalist General Humberto Delgado garnered at least 25 percent of the national vote, but lost to regime candidate, Admiral Américo Tomás); 13 April 1961 (following the shock of anticolonial African insurgency in Portugal's colony of Angola in January-February 1961, the oppositionist hijacking of a Portuguese ocean liner off South America by Henrique Galvão, and an abortive military coup that failed to oust Salazar from office); and 19 August 1968 (the aging of key leaders in the government, including the now gravely ill Salazar, and the defection of key younger followers).

   In response to the 1961 crisis in Africa and to threats to Portuguese India from the Indian government, Salazar assumed the post of minister of defense (April 1961-December 1962). The failing leader, whose true state of health was kept from the public for as long as possible, appointed a group of younger cabinet officers in the 1960s, but no likely successors were groomed to take his place. Two of the older generation, Teotónio Pereira, who was in bad health, and Marcello Caetano, who preferred to remain at the University of Lisbon or in private law practice, remained in the political wilderness.

   As the colonial wars in three African territories grew more costly, Salazar became more isolated from reality. On 3 August 1968, while resting at his summer residence, the Fortress of São João do Estoril outside Lisbon, a deck chair collapsed beneath Salazar and his head struck the hard floor. Some weeks later, as a result, Salazar was incapacitated by a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, was hospitalized, and became an invalid. While hesitating to fill the power vacuum that had unexpectedly appeared, President Tomás finally replaced Salazar as prime minister on 27 September 1968, with his former protégé and colleague, Marcello Caetano. Salazar was not informed that he no longer headed the government, but he never recovered his health. On 27 July 1970, Salazar died in Lisbon and was buried at Santa Comba Dão, Vimieiro, his village and place of birth.

    See also Corporativism; Integralism; Salazarism.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira
7 for

1. preposition
1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle von

what is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?

2) (in defence, support, or favour of) für

be for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun

it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt

3) (to the benefit of) für

do something for somebody — für jemanden etwas tun

4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zu

they invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen

what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?

be saving up for something — auf etwas (Akk.) sparen

5) (being the motive of) für; (having as purpose) zu

reason for living — Grund zu leben

a dish for holding nuts — eine Schale für Nüsse

6) (to obtain, win, save)

a request for help — eine Bitte um Hilfe

study for a university degree — auf einen Hochschulabschluss hin studieren

phone for a doctor — nach einem Arzt telefonieren

take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen

work for a living — für den Lebensunterhalt arbeiten

run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.

7) (to reach) nach

set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen

8) (to be received by) für

that's Jim for you — das sieht Jim mal wieder ähnlich

9) (as regards)

checked for accuracy — auf Richtigkeit geprüft

be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein

open for business — eröffnet

have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben

enough... for — genug... für

that's quite enough for me — das reicht mir völlig

too... for — zu... für

there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun

10) (to the amount of)

cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund

11) (to affect, as if affecting) für

things don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus

it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut

it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen

12) (as being) für

what do you take me for? — wofür hältst du mich?

I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil

13) (on account of, as penalty of) wegen

famous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas

jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien

were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage

14) (on the occasion of)

for the first time — zum ersten Mal

why can't you help for once? — warum kannst du nicht einmal helfen?

what shall I give him for his birthday? — was soll ich ihm zum Geburtstag schenken?

15) (in spite of)

for all... — trotz...

for all that,... — trotzdem...

16) (on account of the hindrance of) vor (+ Dat.)

for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)

but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...

17) (so far as concerns)

for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...

for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...

18) (considering the usual nature of) für

not bad for a first attempt — nicht schlecht für den ersten Versuch

19) (during) seit

we've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen

we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang

how long are you here for? — wie lange bleiben Sie hier?

sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen

20) (to the extent of)

walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen

21)

be for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)
2. conjunction
(since, as proof) denn

* * *
[fo:] 1. preposition
1) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) für

2) (towards; in the direction of: We set off for London.) nach

3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) für

4) (in order to have, get, be etc: He asked me for some money; Go for a walk.) nach

5) (in return; as payment: He paid $2 for his ticket.) für

6) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) für

7) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) für

8) (on behalf of: Will you do it for me?)

9) (in favour of: Are you for or against the plan?) dafür

10) (because of: for this reason.) wegen, aus

11) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) für

12) (indicating an ability or an attitude to: a talent for baking; an ear for music.) für

13) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) für

14) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) für

15) (in spite of: For all his money, he didn't seem happy.) trotz
2. conjunction
(because: It must be late, for I have been here a long time.) denn

* * *

for

[fɔ:ʳ, fəʳ, AM fɔ:r, fɚ]

I. conj ( liter or dated) denn

II. prep

1. (intended to be given to) für + akk

I bought a new collar \for my dog ich habe ein neues Halsband für meinen Hund gekauft

this is a birthday present \for you hier ist ein Geburtstagsgeschenk für dich

there are government subsidies available \for farmers für Bauern gibt es Zuschüsse vom Staat

2. (in support of) für + akk

to vote \for sb/sth für jdn/etw stimmen

they voted \for independence in a referendum sie haben sich in einem Referendum für die Unabhängigkeit ausgesprochen

▪ to be \for sb/sth für jdn/etw sein

his followers are still \for him seine Anhänger unterstützen ihn noch immer

to be \for a good cause für einen guten Zweck sein

to be all \for sth ganz für etw akk sein

to be \for doing sth dafür sein, dass etw getan wird

are you \for banning smoking in public places? sind Sie dafür, das Rauchen in der Öffentlichkeit zu verbieten?

3. (regarding sb) für + akk

I'm happy \for you that it finally worked out ich freue mich für dich, dass es endlich geklappt hat

you're not making it easy \for me to tell you the truth du machst es mir nicht gerade einfach, dir die Wahrheit zu sagen

the coffee was too strong \for me der Kaffee war mir zu stark

luckily \for me, I already had another job zu meinem Glück hatte ich bereits eine andere Stelle

the admiration she felt \for him soon died ihre Bewunderung für ihn war schnell verflogen

is this seat high enough \for you? ist Ihnen dieser Sitz hoch genug?

I feel sorry \for her sie tut mir leid

to feel nothing but contempt \for sb/sth nichts als Verachtung für jdn/etw empfinden

▪ to be concerned \for sb/sth um jdn/etw besorgt sein

to feel \for sb mit jdm fühlen

as \for me was mich betrifft [o angeht]

Jackie's already left and, as \for me, I'm going at the end of the month Jackie ist schon weg, und was mich angeht, ich gehe Ende des Monats

4. (regarding sth) für + akk

how are you doing \for money? wie sieht es bei dir mit dem Geld aus?

\for my part was mich betrifft

\for all I know möglicherweise

\for all I know, he could have left the country möglicherweise hat er schon das Land verlassen

to be responsible \for sth für etw akk verantwortlich sein

to prepare \for sth sich akk auf etw akk vorbereiten

5. (comparing) für + akk

the summer has been quite hot \for England für England war das ein ziemlich heißer Sommer

▪ to be too big/fast \for sb/sth zu groß/schnell für jdn/etw sein

she's very mature \for her age sie ist für ihr Alter schon sehr reif

the weather is warm \for the time of year für diese Jahreszeit ist das Wetter mild

he's quite thoughtful \for a child of 8 für einen Achtjährigen ist er ziemlich rücksichtsvoll

6. (to get, have)

oh \for something to drink! hätte ich doch bloß etwas zu trinken!

oh \for a strong black coffee! und jetzt einen starken schwarzen Kaffee!

he did it \for the fame er tat es, um berühmt zu werden

even though he's in this \for the money, we still need him auch wenn er es nur wegen des Geldes tut, wir brauchen ihn

she's eager \for a chance to show that she's a capable worker sie möchte gerne beweisen, dass sie eine fähige Mitarbeiterin ist

demand \for money Bedarf m an Geld

to send \for the doctor den Arzt holen

to apply \for a job sich akk um eine Stelle bewerben

to have a need \for sth etw brauchen

to look \for a way to do sth nach einer Möglichkeit suchen, etw zu tun

to ask \for sth um etw akk bitten

7. (on behalf of, representing) für + akk

he's an agent \for models and actors er ist Agent für Models und Schauspieler

next time you see them, say hi \for me grüß sie von mir, wenn du sie wieder siehst

the messenger was there \for his boss der Bote war in Vertretung seines Chefs dort

to do sth \for sb etw für jdn tun

to do sth \for oneself etw selbst tun

8. (as ordered by) für + akk

▪ to do sth \for sb/sth etw für jdn/etw tun

they had to do extra work \for their boss sie mussten noch zusätzliche Arbeiten für ihren Chef erledigen

I have some things to do \for school ich muss noch etwas für die Schule machen

9. (employed by) bei + dat

she is a tutor \for the Open University sie ist Tutorin an der Fernuniversität

to work \for sb/sth bei jdm/etw [o für jdn/etw] arbeiten

10. (purpose, aim) für + akk

what's that \for? wofür ist das?

that's useful \for removing rust damit kann man gut Rost entfernen

that's not \for eating das ist nicht zum Essen

a course \for beginners in Russian ein Russischkurs für Anfänger

\for your information zu Ihrer Information

\for the record der Ordnung halber

the spokesman told the press \for the record that the president was in good health der Sprecher sagte der Presse für das Protokoll, der Präsident sei bei guter Gesundheit

for rent/sale zu vermieten/verkaufen

bikes \for rent Räder zu vermieten

to be not \for sale unverkäuflich sein

to wait \for sb/sth auf jdn/etw warten

to wait \for sb to do sth darauf warten, dass jd etw tut

▪ to do sth \for sth/sb etw für etw/jdn tun

what did you do that \for? wozu hast du das getan?

what do you use these enormous scissors \for? wozu brauchst du diese riesige Schere?

he is taking medication \for his heart condition er nimmt Medikamente für sein Herz

you need to move closer \for me to hear you du musst ein bisschen näher herkommen, damit ich dich hören kann

11. (because of) wegen + gen; (out of) aus + dat; (with) vor + dat

I don't eat meat \for various reasons ich esse aus verschiedenen Gründen kein Fleisch

I could dance and sing \for joy! ich könnte vor Freude tanzen und singen!

he apologized \for being late er entschuldigte sich wegen seiner Verspätung

Bob was looking all the better \for his three weeks in Spain nach seinen drei Wochen Spanien sah Bob viel besser aus

how are you? — fine, and all the better \for seeing you! wie geht's? — gut, und jetzt wo ich dich sehe, gleich noch viel besser!

I could not see \for the tears in my eyes ich konnte vor Tränen in den Augen gar nicht sehen

if it hadn't been \for him, we wouldn't be here right now ( form) ohne ihn wären wir jetzt nicht hier

\for fear of sth aus Angst vor etw dat

\for lack of sth aus Mangel an etw dat

to be arrested \for murder wegen Mordes verhaftet werden

\for that [or this] reason aus diesem Grund

to be famous \for sth für etw akk berühmt sein

to love sb \for sth jdn für etw akk lieben

she loves him just \for being himself sie liebt ihn einfach dafür, dass er so ist, wie er ist

12. (as destination) nach + dat

this train is \for Birmingham dieser Zug fährt nach Birmingham

he made \for home in a hurry er eilte schnell nach Hause

just follow signs \for the town centre folgen Sie einfach den Schildern in die Innenstadt

to go \for sb [with one's fists] [mit den Fäusten] auf jdn losgehen

to run \for sb/sth zu jdm/etw laufen

I had to run \for the bus ich musste laufen, um den Bus noch zu kriegen

13. (meaning)

to be \for sth für etw akk stehen

A is \for ‘airlines’ A steht für ‚Airlines‘

to stand \for sth etw bedeuten, für etw akk stehen

what does the M.J. stand \for? María José? was bedeutet M.J.? María José?

what's the Spanish word \for ‘vegetarian’? was heißt ‚Vegetarier‘ auf Spanisch?

14. (in return, exchange) für + akk

she paid a high price \for loyalty to her boss sie hat einen hohen Preis für die Loyalität zu ihrem Chef gezahlt

that's \for cheating on me! das ist dafür, dass du mich betrogen hast!

how much did you pay \for your glasses? wie viel hast du für deine Brille gezahlt?

a cheque \for £100 eine Scheck über 100 Pfund

not \for a million dollars [or \for all the world] um nichts in der Welt

I wouldn't go out with him \for a million dollars ich würde für kein Geld der Welt mit ihm ausgehen

to do sth \for nothing etw umsonst machen

to buy/sell sth \for 100 euro/a lot of money etw für 100 Euro/viel Geld kaufen/verkaufen

you can buy a bestseller \for about £6 Sie bekommen einen Bestseller schon für 6 Pfund

to trade sth \for sth etw gegen etw akk [ein]tauschen

15. (with a period of time) für + akk; (ongoing) seit + dat

I'm just going to sleep \for half an hour ich lege mich mal eine halbe Stunde schlafen

he was jailed \for twelve years er musste für zwölf Jahre ins Gefängnis

my father has been smoking \for 10 years mein Vater raucht seit 10 Jahren

\for the next two days in den beiden nächsten Tagen

\for a bit/while ein bisschen/eine Weile

play here \for a while! spiel doch mal ein bisschen hier!

I'm just going out \for a while ich gehe mal kurz raus fam

\for eternity/ever bis in alle Ewigkeit

this pact is \for ever dieser Pakt gilt für immer und ewig

\for the moment im Augenblick

\for a time eine Zeit lang

\for a long time seit Langem

I hadn't seen him \for such a long time that I didn't recognize him ich hatte ihn schon so lange nicht mehr gesehen, dass ich ihn nicht erkannte

\for some time seit Längerem

\for the time being für den Augenblick, vorübergehend

16. (a distance of)

\for a kilometre/mile einen Kilometer/eine Meile

he always jogs \for 5 kilometres before breakfast er joggt immer 5 Kilometer vor dem Frühstück

17. (at a certain date, time, occasion) für + akk

he booked a table at the restaurant \for nine o'clock er reservierte in dem Restaurant einen Tisch für neun Uhr

they set their wedding date \for September 15 sie setzten ihre Hochzeit für den 15. September fest

I need some money \for tonight ich brauche etwas Geld für heute Abend

what did you buy him \for Christmas? was hast du ihm zu Weihnachten gekauft?

he arrived at 8.00 \for dinner at 8.30 er kam um acht zu dem für halb neun verabredeten Abendessen

to invite sb \for dinner/lunch jdn zum Abendessen/Mittagessen einladen

\for the first time zum ersten Mal

\for the [very] last time zum [aller]letzten Mal

\for the first/second time running im ersten/zweiten Durchlauf

18. (despite) trotz + gen

, ungeachtet +gen geh

\for all that trotz alledem

\for all his effort, the experiment was a failure das Experiment war trotz all seiner Anstrengungen ein Fehlschlag

19. (per) für + akk

there is one teacher \for every 25 students in our school in unserer Schule kommt auf 25 Schüler ein Lehrer

\for every cigarette you smoke, you take off one day of your life mit jeder Zigarette, die du rauchst, verkürzt sich dein Leben um einen Tag

to repeat sth word \for word etw Wort für Wort wiederholen

20. (the duty of)

▪ to [not] be \for sb to do sth [nicht] jds Sache sein, etw zu tun

it's not \for me to tell her what to do es ist nicht meine Aufgabe, ihr vorzuschreiben, was sie zu tun hat

the decision is not \for him to make die Entscheidung liegt nicht bei ihm

21. (as) für + akk

she thought it \for a lie but didn't say anything sie hielt es für gelogen, sagte aber nichts

I \for one am sick of this bickering ich für meinen Teil habe genug von diesem Gezänk

22.

▶ \for Africa SA ( fam) Unmengen + gen

I've got homework \for Africa ich habe noch jede Menge Hausaufgaben fam

▶ to be [in] \for it ( fam) Schwierigkeiten bekommen

you're in \for it! jetzt bist du dran! fam

▶ \for crying out loud um Himmels willen

▶ an eye \for an eye Auge um Auge

▶ that's Jane/Mark/etc. \for you so ist Jane/Mark/etc. eben!, das sieht Jane/Mark/etc. mal wieder ähnlich!, das ist wieder mal typisch für Jane/Mark/etc.!

that's children \for you! so sind Kinder eben!

▶ that's/there's sth \for you ( pej)

there's gratitude \for you! und so was nennt sich Dankbarkeit! fam

there's manners \for you! das sind [mir] ja schöne Manieren! iron fam

* * *
I [fɔː(r)]
1. prep

1) (intention) für; (purpose) zu, für; (destination) nach

a letter for me — ein Brief für mich

clothes for children — Kleidung f für Kinder, Kinderkleidung f

destined for greatness — zu Höherem bestimmt

what for? — wofür?, wozu?

what is this knife for? — wozu dient dieses Messer?

he does it for pleasure — er macht es zum or aus Vergnügen

what did you do that for? —

a room for working in/sewing — ein Zimmer zum Arbeiten/Nähen

a bag for carrying books (in) — eine Tasche, um Bücher zu tragen

fit for nothing —

to get ready for a journey — sich für eine Reise fertig machen

ready for anything —

this will do for a hammer — das kann man als Hammer nehmen

to go to Spain for one's holidays — nach Spanien in Urlaub fahren

the train for Stuttgart — der Zug nach Stuttgart

to leave for the USA — in die USA or nach Amerika abreisen

he swam for the shore — er schwamm auf die Küste zu, er schwamm in Richtung Küste

to make for home — sich auf den Heimweg machen

2)

(indicating suitability) it's not for you to ask questions — Sie haben kein Recht, Fragen zu stellen

it's not for me to say — es steht mir nicht zu, mich dazu zu äußern

she's the woman or the one for me — sie ist die (richtige) Frau für mich

married life is not for me — das Eheleben ist nichts für mich

3)

(= representing, instead of) I'll speak to her for you if you like —

I need someone to make up my mind for me — ich brauche jemanden, der die Entscheidung für mich trifft

to act for sb — für jdn handeln

D for Daniel — D wie Daniel

agent for Renault — Vertreter(in) m(f) für Renault

she works for a bank (in the bank) — sie arbeitet bei or in einer Bank; (outside the bank) sie arbeitet für eine Bank

4) (= in defence, in favour of) für

are you for or against it? — sind Sie dafür oder dagegen?

I'm all for it — ich bin ganz or sehr dafür

I'm all for helping him —

the case for nuclear power — die Argumente für die Atomkraft

5)

(= with regard to) anxious for sb — um jdn besorgt

I'm very happy for you — ich freue mich sehr für euch

for my part — was mich betrifft

as for him/that — was ihn/das betrifft

warm/cold for the time of year — warm/kalt für die Jahreszeit

he is tall for his age — er ist groß für sein Alter

what do you want for your birthday? — was wünschst du dir zum Geburtstag?

it's all right or all very well for you (to talk) — Sie haben gut reden

for further information see page 77 — weitere Informationen finden Sie auf Seite 77

6) (= because of) aus

for this reason — aus diesem Grund

he did it for fear of being left — er tat es aus Angst, zurückgelassen zu werden

he is famous for his jokes/his big nose — er ist für seine Witze bekannt/wegen seiner großen Nase berühmt

to jump for joy — einen Freudensprung machen

to go to prison for theft — wegen Diebstahls ins Gefängnis wandern

to choose sb for his ability — jdn wegen seiner Fähigkeiten wählen

if it were not for him — wenn er nicht wäre

do it for me — tu es für mich

7) (= in spite of) trotz (+gen or (inf) +dat)

for all his wealth — trotz all seines Reichtums

for all that, you should have warned me — Sie hätten mich trotz allem warnen sollen

8) (= in exchange) für

to pay four euros for a ticket — vier Euro für eine Fahrkarte zahlen

he'll do it for ten pounds —

pound for pound — Pfund für Pfund

9)

(= in contrast) for every job that is created, two are lost — für jede Stelle, die neu geschaffen wird, gehen zwei verloren

10) (in time) seit; (with future tense) für

I have not seen her for two years — ich habe sie seit zwei Jahren nicht gesehen

he's been here for ten days — er ist seit zehn Tagen hier

I had/have known her for years — ich kannte/kenne sie schon seit Jahren

then I did not see her for two years — dann habe ich sie zwei Jahre lang nicht gesehen

he walked for two hours — er ist zwei Stunden lang marschiert

I am going away for a few days — ich werde (für or auf) ein paar Tage wegfahren

I shall be away for a month — ich werde einen Monat (lang) weg sein

he won't be back for a week — er wird erst in einer Woche zurück sein

I'll be back home for Christmas — Weihnachten bin ich wieder zu Hause

can you get it done for Monday/this time next week? — können Sie es bis or für Montag/bis in einer Woche fertig haben?

I've got a job for you for next week — ich habe für nächste Woche Arbeit für dich

for a while/time — (für) eine Weile/einige Zeit

the meeting was scheduled for 9 o'clock — die Besprechung sollte um 9 Uhr stattfinden

11)

(distance) the road is lined with trees for two miles — die Straße ist auf or über zwei Meilen mit Bäumen gesäumt

we walked for two miles — wir sind zwei Meilen weit gelaufen

there are roadworks on the M8 for two miles — auf der M8 gibt es eine zwei Meilen lange Baustelle

for miles — meilenweit

for mile upon mile — Meile um Meile

12)

(with verbs) to pray for peace — für den or um Frieden beten

to hope for news — auf Nachricht hoffen

to look for sth — (nach) etw suchen

See:

→ vbs

13) (after n: indicating liking, aptitude etc) für

a weakness for sweet things — eine Schwäche für Süßigkeiten

his knack for saying the wrong thing — sein Talent, das Falsche zu sagen

14)

(with infin clauses) for this to be possible — damit dies möglich wird

it's easy for him to do it — für ihn ist es leicht, das zu tun, er kann das leicht tun

I brought it for you to see — ich habe es mitgebracht, damit Sie es sich (dat) ansehen können

the best thing would be for you to leave — das Beste wäre, wenn Sie weggingen

there's still time for him to come — er kann immer noch kommen

their one hope is for him to return — ihre einzige Hoffnung ist, dass er zurückkommt

15)

(phrases) to do sth for oneself — etw alleine tun

for example — zum Beispiel

you're (in) for it! (inf) — jetzt bist du dran! (inf)

oh for a cup a tea! — jetzt eine Tasse Tee - das wäre schön!

2. conj
denn
for it was too late — denn es war zu spät

3. adj pred
(= in favour) dafür
17 were for, 13 against — 17 waren dafür, 13 dagegen
II abbr frei Bahn
* * *

for [fɔː(r); unbetont fə(r)]

A präp

1. allg für:

it is good (bad) for him;

it was very awkward for her es war sehr peinlich für sie, es war ihr sehr unangenehm;

he spoilt their holidays (bes US vacation) for them er verdarb ihnen den ganzen Urlaub;

she brought a letter for me to sign sie brachte mir einen Brief zur Unterschrift

2. für, zugunsten von:

a gift for him ein Geschenk für ihn;

this letter is for me dieser Brief ist an mich;

for and against für und wider; → academic.ru/69264/speak_for">speak for 1

3. für, (mit der Absicht) zu, um (… willen):

apply for the post sich um die Stellung bewerben;

die for a cause für eine Sache sterben;

come for dinner zum Essen kommen

4. (Wunsch, Ziel) nach, auf (akk):

a claim for sth ein Anspruch auf eine Sache;

the desire for sth der Wunsch oder das Verlangen nach etwas;

call for sb nach jemandem rufen;

wait for sth auf etwas warten;

oh, for a car! ach, hätte ich doch nur ein Auto!

5. a) (passend oder geeignet) für

b) (bestimmt) für oder zu:

tools for cutting Werkzeuge zum Schneiden, Schneidewerkzeuge;

the right man for the job der richtige Mann für diesen Posten

6. (Mittel) gegen:

a remedy for lumbago;

he took a couple of aspirins for his headache;

treat sb for cancer jemanden gegen oder auf Krebs behandeln;

there is nothing for it but to give in es bleibt nichts (anderes) übrig, als nachzugeben

7. (als Belohnung) für:

a medal for bravery

8. (als Entgelt) für, gegen, um:

I sold it for £10 ich verkaufte es für 10 Pfund

9. (im Tausch) für, gegen:

I exchanged the knife for a pencil

10. (Betrag, Menge) über (akk):

a postal order for £2

11. (Grund) aus, vor (dat), wegen:

for this reason aus diesem Grund;

die for grief aus oder vor Gram sterben;

weep for joy aus oder vor Freude weinen;

I can’t see for the fog ich kann nichts sehen wegen des Nebels oder vor lauter Nebel;

she couldn’t speak for laughing sie konnte vor (lauter) Lachen nicht sprechen

12. (als Strafe etc) für, wegen:

he was punished for theft

13. dank, wegen:

were it not for his energy wenn er nicht so energisch wäre, dank seiner Energie;

if it wasn’t for him wenn er nicht wäre, ohne ihn; he would never have done it, if it hadn’t been for me talking him into it wenn ich ihn nicht dazu überredet hätte

14. für, in Anbetracht (gen), im Hinblick auf (akk), im Verhältnis zu:

he is tall for his age er ist groß für sein Alter;

it is rather cold for July es ist ziemlich kalt für Juli;

for a foreigner he speaks English fairly well für einen Ausländer spricht er recht gut Englisch

15. (Begabung, Neigung) für, (Hang) zu:

an eye for beauty Sinn für das Schöne

16. (zeitlich) für, während, auf (akk), für die Dauer von, seit:

for a week eine Woche (lang);

come for a week komme auf oder für eine Woche;

for hours stundenlang;

for a ( oder some) time past seit längerer Zeit;

for a long time past schon seit Langem;

not for a long time noch lange nicht;

the first picture for two months der erste Film in oder seit zwei Monaten;

for months ahead auf Monate (hinaus)

17. (Strecke) weit, lang:

run for a mile eine Meile (weit) laufen

18. nach, auf (akk), in Richtung auf (akk):

the train for London der Zug nach London;

the passengers for Rome die nach Rom reisenden Passagiere;

start for Paris nach Paris abreisen;

now for it! Br umg jetzt (nichts wie) los oder drauf!, jetzt gilt’s!

19. für, anstelle von (oder gen), (an)statt:

he appeared for his brother

20. für, in Vertretung oder im Auftrag oder im Namen von (oder gen):

act for sb in jemandes Auftrag handeln

21. für, als:

books for presents Bücher als Geschenk;

they were sold for slaves sie wurden als Sklaven verkauft;

take that for an answer nimm das als Antwort

22. trotz (gen oder dat), ungeachtet (gen):

for all that trotz alledem;

for all his wealth trotz seines ganzen Reichtums, bei allem Reichtum;

for all you may say sage, was du willst

23. as for was … betrifft:

as for me was mich betrifft oder an(be)langt;

as for that matter was das betrifft;

for all I know soviel ich weiß;

for all of me meinetwegen, von mir aus

24. nach adj und vor inf:

it is too heavy for me to lift es ist so schwer, dass ich es nicht heben kann;

it is impossible for me to come es ist mir unmöglich zu kommen, ich kann unmöglich kommen;

it seemed useless for me to continue es erschien mir sinnlos, noch weiterzumachen

25. mit s oder pron und inf:

it is time for you to go home es ist Zeit, dass du heimgehst; es ist Zeit für dich heimzugehen;

it is for you to decide die Entscheidung liegt bei Ihnen;

it is not for you to inf

a) es ist nicht deine Sache zu inf,

b) es steht dir nicht zu inf;

he called for the girl to bring him some tea er rief nach dem Mädchen und bat es, ihm Tee zu bringen;

don’t wait for him to turn up yet wartet nicht darauf, dass er noch auftaucht;

there is no need for anyone to know es braucht niemand zu wissen

26. (ethischer Dativ):

that’s a wine for you das ist vielleicht ein Weinchen, das nenne ich einen Wein

27. US nach:

he was named for his father

B konj denn, weil, nämlich

* * *
1. preposition
1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle von

what is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?

2) (in defence, support, or favour of) für

be for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun

it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt

3) (to the benefit of) für

do something for somebody — für jemanden etwas tun

4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zu

they invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen

what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?

be saving up for something — auf etwas (Akk.) sparen

5) (being the motive of) für; (having as purpose) zu

reason for living — Grund zu leben

a dish for holding nuts — eine Schale für Nüsse

6) (to obtain, win, save)

a request for help — eine Bitte um Hilfe

study for a university degree — auf einen Hochschulabschluss hin studieren

phone for a doctor — nach einem Arzt telefonieren

take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen

work for a living — für den Lebensunterhalt arbeiten

run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.

7) (to reach) nach

set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen

8) (to be received by) für

that's Jim for you — das sieht Jim mal wieder ähnlich

9) (as regards)

checked for accuracy — auf Richtigkeit geprüft

be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein

open for business — eröffnet

have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben

enough... for — genug... für

that's quite enough for me — das reicht mir völlig

too... for — zu... für

there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun

10) (to the amount of)

cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund

11) (to affect, as if affecting) für

things don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus

it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut

it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen

12) (as being) für

what do you take me for? — wofür hältst du mich?

I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil

13) (on account of, as penalty of) wegen

famous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas

jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien

were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage

14) (on the occasion of)

for the first time — zum ersten Mal

why can't you help for once? — warum kannst du nicht einmal helfen?

what shall I give him for his birthday? — was soll ich ihm zum Geburtstag schenken?

15) (in spite of)

for all... — trotz...

for all that,... — trotzdem...

16) (on account of the hindrance of) vor (+ Dat.)

for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)

but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...

17) (so far as concerns)

for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...

for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...

18) (considering the usual nature of) für

not bad for a first attempt — nicht schlecht für den ersten Versuch

19) (during) seit

we've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen

we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang

how long are you here for? — wie lange bleiben Sie hier?

sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen

20) (to the extent of)

walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen

21)

be for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)
2. conjunction
(since, as proof) denn

* * *

conj.

als konj.

denn konj.

für konj.

nach konj.

zu konj.

English-german dictionary > for
8 open

open [ˈəʊpən]

1. adjective

   a. ( = not closed) ouvert

• the shops are open les magasins sont ouverts

• the house is not open to visitors la maison n'est pas ouverte au public

• he is an open book c'est un homme transparent

• I'm open to advice je suis ouvert à toutes les suggestions

• it is open to question ce n'est pas sûr

   b. ( = not enclosed) [car, carriage] découvert

• the open air le plein air

• in the open air [eat] en plein air ; [live, walk] au grand air ; [sleep] à la belle étoile

• in open country à la campagne

• the wide open spaces les grands espaces

   c. ( = unrestricted) [economy] ouvert ; [meeting, trial] public (- ique f)

• open tournament tournoi m open

   d. ( = available) [post, job] vacant

• this post is still open ce poste est encore vacant

• the offer is still open cette proposition tient toujours

• the course is not open to men les hommes ne sont pas acceptés dans ce cours

• several choices were open to them plusieurs choix se présentaient à eux

   e. ( = frank) ouvert ; [admiration, envy] non dissimulé

• I'm going to be completely open with you je vais être tout à fait franc avec vous

   f. ( = undecided) let's leave the date open attendons avant de fixer une date

• to keep an open mind on sth réserver son jugement sur qch

2. noun

   a. out in the open ( = out of doors) dehors en plein air

• to sleep out in the open dormir à la belle étoile

• to come out into the open [fact] apparaître au grand jour ; [scandal] éclater au grand jour

• why can't we do it out in the open? ( = not secretly) pourquoi ne pouvons-nous pas le faire ouvertement ?

   b. (Golf, Tennis) the Open l'Open m

3. transitive verb

   a. ouvrir

• to open the window ouvrir la fenêtre

• it opens the way for new discoveries cela ouvre la voie à de nouvelles découvertes

   b. ( = begin) [+ meeting, exhibition, trial] ouvrir ; [+ conversation] entamer ; [+ new building, institution] inaugurer

4. intransitive verb

   a. [door, book, eyes, flower] s'ouvrir ; [shop, museum, bank] ouvrir

• the door opened la porte s'est ouverte

• this door opens onto the garden cette porte donne sur le jardin

   b. ( = begin) [meeting, match] commencer ; [trial] s'ouvrir

• the film opens next week la première du film a lieu la semaine prochaine

5. compounds

► open-air adjective en plein air

• open-air theatre théâtre m en plein air ► open-and-shut adjective

• it's an open-and-shut case la solution est évidente ► open cheque noun (British) chèque m non barré

► open day noun (British) journée f portes ouvertes

► open-ended, open-end (US) adjective [ticket] open inv ; [question] ouvert

► open government noun politique f de transparence

► open-handed adjective

• to be open-handed être généreux ► open-heart surgery noun chirurgie f à cœur ouvert

► open learning noun enseignement universitaire à la carte, notamment par correspondance

► open letter noun lettre f ouverte

► open market noun (Economics) marché m libre

► open-minded adjective à l'esprit ouvert

► open-mouthed adjective adverb

bouche bée

► open-necked adjective à col ouvert

► open-plan adjective sans cloison ; [office] paysagé

► open primary noun (US) élection primaire ouverte aux non-inscrits d'un parti

► open prison noun prison f ouverte

► open sandwich noun tartine f

► open secret noun secret m de Polichinelle

► open-source noun accès m libre

► open-source software noun logiciel m en accès libre

► open-standard adjective open-standard, en standard ouvert

► open ticket noun billet m open

► the Open University noun (British) centre d'enseignement universitaire par correspondance

► open verdict noun verdict m constatant un décès sans cause déterminée

► open out intransitive verb

[passage, tunnel, street] s'élargir

► open up

1. intransitive verb

   a. [new shop, business] s'ouvrir ; [new career] commencer ; [opportunity] se présenter

   b. ( = confide)

I couldn't get him to open up at all je ne suis pas arrivé à le faire parler

2. separable transitive verb

ouvrir ; [+ blocked road] dégager ; [+ possibilities] offrir

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

OPEN UNIVERSITY

L' Open University est une université ouverte à tous et fonctionnant essentiellement sur le principe du téléenseignement: cours par correspondance et émissions de radio et de télévision diffusées par la BBC. Ces enseignements sont complétés par un suivi pédagogique et par des stages, qui se tiennent généralement en été.

* * *
['əʊpən] 1.
noun

1) ( outside)

in the open — dehors, en plein air

2) ( exposed position)

in/into the open — en terrain découvert; fig

out in the open — étalé en plein jour

to bring something out into the open — mettre quelque chose au grand jour

3) (also Open) Sport (tournoi m) open m
2.
adjective

1) ( not closed) [door, box, book, eyes, shirt, wound, flower] ouvert; [arms, legs] écarté; ( to the public) [bank, bridge, meeting] ouvert

to get something open — ouvrir quelque chose

to burst ou fly open — s'ouvrir brusquement

the book lay open — le livre était ouvert

the door was partly ou half open — la porte était entrouverte

open for business — ouvert au public

in open court — en audience publique

2) ( not obstructed)

to be open — [road] être ouvert (à la circulation); [canal, harbour] être ouvert (à la navigation); [telephone line, frequency] être libre

the open air — le plein air

open country — la rase campagne

open ground — un terrain vague

the open road — la grand-route

the open sea — la haute mer

the (wide) open spaces — les (grands) espaces libres

an open view — une vue dégagée (of de)

3) ( not covered) [car, carriage] découvert, décapoté; [mine, sewer] à ciel ouvert

an open fire — un feu (de cheminée)

4) ( susceptible)

open to — exposé à [air, wind, elements]

open to attack — exposé à l'attaque

to be open to — prêter le flanc à [criticism]

I'm open to offers — je suis ouvert à toute proposition

to be open to persuasion — être prêt à se laisser convaincre

to lay oneself open to criticism — s'exposer (ouvertement) à la critique

it is open to question whether — on peut douter que (+ subj)

5) ( accessible) (jamais épith) [job, position] libre, vacant; [access, competition] ouvert à tous; [meeting, session] public/-ique

there are several courses of action open to us — nous avons le choix entre plusieurs lignes de conduite

6) ( candid) [person, discussion, declaration, statement] franc/franche ( about à propos de)

7) ( blatant) [hostility, contempt] non dissimulé; [disagreement, disrespect] manifeste

8) ( undecided)

to leave the date open — laisser la date en suspens

the election is (wide) open — l'issue de l'élection est indécise

to keep an open mind about something — réserver son jugement sur quelque chose

open ticket — ( for traveller) billet m ouvert

she kept my job open — elle m'a gardé mon travail

I have an open invitation to visit him — je suis invité chez lui quand je veux

9) ( with spaces) [weave] ajouré

10) Sport [contest] open

11) Music [string] à vide

12) Linguistics ouvert
3.
transitive verb

1) ( cause not to be closed) gen ouvrir

to open a door slightly ou a little — entrouvrir une porte

to open one's mind (to something) — s'ouvrir (à quelque chose)

2) ( begin) entamer [discussions, meeting]; ouvrir [account, enquiry, show, shop]

to open fire — ouvrir le feu

3) ( inaugurate) inaugurer [shop, bridge]; ouvrir [exhibition]

4) ( make wider) open up
4.
intransitive verb

1) ( become open) [door, flower, curtain] s'ouvrir

his eyes opened — il a ouvert les yeux

to open into ou onto something — [door, window] donner sur quelque chose

open wide! — ( at dentist's) ouvrez grand!

to open slightly ou a little — [window, door] s'entrouvrir

2) Commerce ( operate) [shop, bar] ouvrir

3) ( begin) [meeting, discussion, play] commencer ( with par)

to open by doing — [person] commencer par faire

4) ( have first performance) [film] sortir (sur les écrans); [exhibition] ouvrir

the play opens on the 25th — la première de la pièce aura lieu le 25

5) ( be first speaker) [person] ouvrir le débat

6) ( become wider) open up

7) Finance [shares] débuter

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- open out

- open up

English-French dictionary > open
9 Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães

(1918-)

   Historian, academic, political figure. Internationally, Portugal's most celebrated historian of the 20th century. Born into a family with strong republican and antidictatorial tendencies, Godinho chose an academic career following his graduation (1940) in history and philosophy from the Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon. He taught history at the same institution until 1944, when his academic career was cut short by the Estado Novo's orders. He resumed his academic career in France, where he taught history and received his doctorate in history at the Sorbonne (1959). He returned briefly to Portugal but, during the academic/political crisis of 1962, he was fired from his faculty position at the Instituto Superior de Estudos Ultramarinos in Lisbon.

   In the 1960s and early 1970s, Godinho's scholarly publications on the social and economic history of the Portuguese overseas empire (1400-1700) first made a lasting impact both in Portuguese historiography and world historiography regarding the Age of Discoveries. His notion of a world system or economy, with ample quantitative data on prices, money, and trade in the style and spirit of the French Annales School of History, had an important influence on social scientists outside Portugal, including on American scholar Immanuel Wallerstein and his world system studies. Godinho's work emphasized social and economic history before 1750, and his most notable works included Prix et monnaies au Portugal (1955), A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos (1962), and, in three volumes, Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial (1963-71).

   As a staunch opponent of the Estado Novo who had been dismissed yet again from 1962 to 1971, Godinho concentrated on his research and publications, as well as continuing activity in oppositionist parties, rallies, and elections. Disillusioned by the false "Spring" of freedom under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano (1968-74), he returned to France to teach. Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Godinho returned to newly democratic Portugal. During several provisional governments (1974-75), he was appointed minister of education and initiated reforms. The confusing political maelstrom of revolutionary Portugal, however, discouraged his continuation in public office. He returned to university teaching and scholarship, and then helped establish a new institution of higher learning, the Universidade Nova de Lisboa (New University of Lisbon), where he retired, loaded with honors and acclaim, at age 70 in 1988.

    See also Education.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães
10 vacancy

noun

1) (job) freie Stelle

fill a vacancy — eine [freie] Stelle besetzen

have a vacancy — eine freie Stelle od. Stelle frei haben

‘vacancies’ — (notice outside factory) "Stellen frei"; (in newspaper) "Stellenangebote"

2) (unoccupied room) freies Zimmer

have a vacancy — ein Zimmer frei haben

‘vacancies’ — "Zimmer frei"

‘no vacancies’ — "belegt"

3) no pl. (of look, mind, etc.) Leere, die

* * *

plural - vacancies; noun

1) (an unoccupied post: We have a vacancy for a typist.)

2) (the condition of being vacant; emptiness: The vacancy of his expression made me doubt if he was listening.)

* * *

va·can·cy

[ˈveɪk^ən(t)si]

n

1. (unoccupied room) freies Zimmer

‘vacancies’ ‚Zimmer frei‘

‘no vacancies’ ‚belegt‘

2. (appointment) freier Termin

the dentist has a \vacancy tomorrow morning die Zahnärztin hat morgen früh noch einen Termin frei

3. (employment) freie [o offene] Stelle

to fill a \vacancy eine [freie] Stelle besetzen

to have a \vacancy eine Stelle frei haben

4. no pl (emptiness) of expression Leere f; of look Ausdruckslosigkeit f

5. (lack of thought) Gedankenlosigkeit f, Unbedachtheit f

6. PHYS Leerstelle f

* * *
['veIkənsI]
n

1) (= emptiness) Leere f; (of look) Ausdruckslosigkeit f, Leere f; (of post) Unbesetztsein nt, Freisein nt

2) (in boarding house) (freies) Zimmer

have you any vacancies for August? — haben Sie im August noch Zimmer frei?

"no vacancies" — "belegt"

"vacancies" — "Zimmer frei"

3) (= job) offene or freie Stelle; (at university) Vakanz f, unbesetzte Stelle

we have a vacancy in our personnel department — in unserer Personalabteilung ist eine Stelle zu vergeben

we have a vacancy for an editor — wir suchen einen Redakteur/eine Redakteurin

to fill a vacancy — eine Stelle besetzen

we are looking for somebody to fill a vacancy in our personnel department — wir suchen einen Mitarbeiter für unsere Personalabteilung

vacancies — Stellenangebote pl, offene Stellen pl

* * *

vacancy [ˈveıkənsı] s

1. Leere f (auch fig), leerer Raum, Nichts n:

stare into vacancy ins Leere starren

2. leerer oder freier Platz, Lücke f (auch fig)

3. Vakanz f,

a) freie oder offene Stelle, unbesetztes Amt:

“vacancies” „wir stellen ein“, (in Zeitung etc) „Stellenangebote“

b) UNIV freier Studienplatz

c) Freiwerden n oder -sein n (eines Postens)

4. a) Leerstehen n, Unbewohntsein n

b) leer stehendes oder unbewohntes Haus:

“vacancies” „Zimmer frei“;

“no vacancies” „belegt“

5. a) Geistesabwesenheit f:

an expression of vacancy on one’s face ein geistesabwesender Gesichtsausdruck

b) geistige Leere

6. Geistlosigkeit f

7. obs Muße f, Untätigkeit f

* * *

noun

1) (job) freie Stelle

fill a vacancy — eine [freie] Stelle besetzen

have a vacancy — eine freie Stelle od. Stelle frei haben

‘vacancies’ — (notice outside factory) "Stellen frei"; (in newspaper) "Stellenangebote"

2) (unoccupied room) freies Zimmer

have a vacancy — ein Zimmer frei haben

‘vacancies’ — "Zimmer frei"

‘no vacancies’ — "belegt"

3) no pl. (of look, mind, etc.) Leere, die

* * *

n.

Leere -n f.

Lücke -n f.

English-german dictionary > vacancy
11 out

out [aʊt]

1 adverb

A.

(a) (indicating movement from inside to outside) dehors;

∎ to go out sortir;

∎ she ran/limped/strolled out elle est sortie en courant/en boitant/sans se presser;

∎ I met her on my way out je l'ai rencontrée en sortant;

∎ out you go! sortez!, hors d'ici!, allez, hop!;

∎ the cork popped out le bouchon sauta;

∎ she took out a gun elle a sorti un révolver;

∎ I had my camera out ready j'avais sorti mon appareil;

∎ he drew out £50 (from bank) il a retiré 50 livres; (from pocket) il a sorti 50 livres;

∎ familiar I'm out of here je me casse;

∎ familiar let's get out of here allez, on se casse

(b) (away from home, office etc)

∎ Mr Powell's out, do you want to leave a message? M. Powell est sorti, voulez-vous laisser un message?;

∎ she's out a lot in the daytime elle est souvent absente pendant la journée;

∎ she's out picking mushrooms elle est sortie (pour aller) cueillir des champignons;

∎ a search party is out looking for them une équipe de secours est partie à leur recherche;

∎ to eat out aller au restaurant;

∎ it's a long time since we had an evening out ça fait longtemps que nous ne sommes pas sortis;

∎ he stayed out all night il n'est pas rentré de la nuit;

∎ the children are playing out in the street les enfants jouent dans la rue;

∎ familiar to be out to lunch (out of touch with reality) être à côté de la plaque

(c) (no longer attending hospital, school etc) sorti;

∎ she's out of hospital now elle est sortie de l'hôpital maintenant;

∎ what time do you get out of school? à quelle heure sors-tu de l'école?;

∎ he's out in September (of prisoner) il sort en septembre

(d) (indicating view from inside)

∎ he was looking out at the people in the street il regardait les gens qui passaient dans la rue;

∎ I stared out of the window je regardais par la fenêtre;

∎ the bedroom looks out onto open fields la chambre donne sur les champs

(e) (in the open air) dehors;

∎ to sleep out dormir dehors;

∎ it's cold out il fait froid dehors;

∎ it's colder inside than out il fait plus froid à l'intérieur qu'à l'extérieur

(f) (indicating distance from land, centre, town etc)

∎ we were two days out from Portsmouth nous étions à deux jours de Portsmouth;

∎ on the trip out à l'aller;

∎ they live a long way out ils habitent loin du centre;

∎ out in the country dans la campagne;

∎ she's out in Africa elle est en Afrique;

∎ out there là-bas

(g) (indicating extended position)

∎ she stuck her tongue out at me elle m'a tiré la langue;

∎ he lay stretched out on the bed il était allongé (de tout son long) sur le lit;

∎ hold your arms/your hand out tendez les bras/la main

B.

(a) (indicating distribution)

∎ she handed out some photocopies elle a distribué des photocopies;

∎ the letter was sent out yesterday la lettre a été postée hier;

∎ the book is out (borrowed from library) le livre est en prêt

(b) (indicating source of light, smell, sound etc)

∎ it gives out a lot of heat ça dégage beaucoup de chaleur;

∎ music blared out from the radio la radio hurlait

(c) (loudly, audibly)

∎ read out the first paragraph lisez le premier paragraphe à haute voix;

∎ I was thinking out loud je pensais tout haut

C.

(a) (indicating exclusion or rejection)

∎ keep out (sign) défense d'entrer, entrée interdite;

∎ traitors out! les traîtres, dehors!;

∎ throw him out! jetez-le dehors!

(b) (indicating abandonment of activity)

∎ get out before it's too late abandonne avant qu'il ne soit trop tard;

∎ you can count me out ne comptez plus sur moi;

∎ familiar I want out! je laisse tomber!

(c) (extinguished)

∎ put or turn the lights out éteignez les lumières;

∎ to stub out a cigarette écraser une cigarette

(d) (unconscious)

∎ to knock sb out assommer qn, mettre qn K-O;

∎ several people passed out plusieurs personnes se sont évanouies

(e) (indicating disappearance)

∎ the stain will wash out la tache partira au lavage

D.

(a) (revealed, made public)

∎ the secret is out le secret a été éventé;

∎ word is out that he's going to resign le bruit court qu'il va démissionner;

∎ the truth will out la vérité se saura;

∎ we must stop the news getting out nous devons empêcher la nouvelle de s'ébruiter;

∎ familiar out with it! alors, t'accouches?

(b) (published, on sale)

∎ is her new book/film/record out? est-ce que son nouveau livre/film/disque est sorti?;

∎ the new model will be or come out next month le nouveau modèle sort le mois prochain

(c) (with superlative) familiar (in existence) it's the best computer out c'est le meilleur ordinateur qui existe^□ ;

∎ she's the biggest liar out c'est la pire menteuse qui soit^□

E.

(of tide)

∎ the tide's on its way out la mer se retire, la marée descend

2 adjective

(a) (flowering) en fleurs;

∎ the daffodils/cherry trees are out les jonquilles/cerisiers sont en fleurs

(b) (shining)

∎ the sun is out il y a du soleil;

∎ the moon is out la lune s'est levée;

∎ the stars are out on voit les étoiles

(c) (finished)

∎ before the year is out avant la fin de l'année

(d) (on strike) en grève;

∎ the dockers have been out for a month les dockers sont en grève depuis un mois;

∎ everybody out! tout le monde en grève!

(e) Sport

∎ if you score less than 3 points you're out si on marque moins de 3 points on est éliminé;

∎ the ball was out la balle était dehors ou sortie, la balle était faute;

∎ she went out in the first round elle a été éliminée au premier tour;

∎ not out (in cricket) = encore au guichet (à la fin de l'innings, de la journée)

(f) (tide) bas;

∎ the tide's out la marée est basse

(g) (wrong)

∎ your calculations are (way) out, you're (way) out in your calculations vous vous êtes (complètement) trompé dans vos calculs;

∎ I've checked the figures but I'm still £50 out j'ai vérifié les chiffres mais il manque toujours 50 livres;

∎ it's a few inches out (too long) c'est trop long de quelques centimètres; (too short) c'est trop court de quelques centimètres;

∎ it's only a few inches out c'est bon à quelques centimètres près;

∎ the shot was only a centimetre out le coup n'a manqué le but que d'un centimètre

(h) familiar (impossible)

∎ that plan's out because of the weather ce projet est à l'eau à cause du temps

(i) familiar (unfashionable) démodé^□ ;

∎ long hair's (right) out les cheveux longs c'est (carrément) dépassé

(j) (indicating aim, intent)

∎ to be out to do sth avoir l'intention de faire qch;

∎ we're out to win nous sommes partis pour gagner;

∎ to be out to get sb en avoir après qn;

∎ to be out for sth vouloir qch;

∎ she was out for a good time elle cherchait à s'amuser;

∎ she's out for the presidency elle vise le poste de président;

∎ he's just out for himself il ne s'intéresse qu'à lui-même;

∎ he's only out for what he can get il ne cherche qu'à servir ses propres intérêts

(k) familiar (unconscious)

∎ to be out être K-O

(l) (extinguished) éteint;

∎ the fire was out le feu était éteint

(m) familiar (openly gay) qui ne cache pas son homosexualité^□, ouvertement homosexuel^□

3 noun

(a) (way of escape) échappatoire f

(b) Typography bourdon m

(c) American familiar

∎ to be on the outs être brouillé avec qn

4 exclamation

(a) (leave) dehors!

(b) Telecommunications

∎ (over and) out! terminé!

(c) Sport (in tennis) faute!, out!

5 preposition

familiar hors de;

∎ she went out that door elle est sortie par cette porte;

∎ look out the window regarde par la fenêtre

6 transitive verb

(expose) dénoncer;

∎ to out sb (reveal to be homosexual) révéler que qn est homosexuel;

∎ to out sb as a spy dénoncer qn en tant qu'espion

7 out and about adverb

∎ where have you been? - oh, out and about où étais-tu? - oh, je suis allé faire un tour;

∎ out and about in Amsterdam dans les rues d'Amsterdam

8 out of preposition

(a) (indicating movement from inside to outside) hors de;

∎ she came out of the office elle est sortie du bureau;

∎ he ran/limped/strolled out of the office il est sorti du bureau en courant/en boitant/sans se presser;

∎ to look/to fall out of a window regarder/tomber par une fenêtre;

∎ take your hands out of your pockets! sors ou ôte tes mains de tes poches!;

∎ hardly were the words out of my mouth à peine avais-je prononcé ces mots

(b) (indicating location)

∎ we drank out of china cups nous avons bu dans des tasses de porcelaine;

∎ to drink out of the bottle boire à (même) la bouteille;

∎ she works out of York elle opère à partir de York;

∎ the company is out of Oxford l'entreprise est basée à Oxford;

∎ he's out of town il n'est pas en ville;

∎ she's out of the country elle est à l'étranger;

∎ it's a long way out of town c'est loin de la ville;

∎ there was a wind out of the Southwest il y avait du vent de sud-ouest

(c) (indicating source → of feeling, profit, money etc)

∎ she did well out of the deal elle a trouvé son compte dans l'affaire;

∎ what pleasure do they get out of it? quel plaisir en tirent-ils?;

∎ you won't get anything out of him vous ne tirerez rien de lui;

∎ she paid for it out of company funds/out of her own pocket elle l'a payé avec l'argent de la société/payé de sa poche;

∎ to copy sth out of a book copier qch dans un livre

(d) (indicating raw material)

∎ it's made out of mahogany c'est en acajou;

∎ plastic is made out of petroleum on obtient le plastique à partir du pétrole;

∎ hut made out of a few old planks cabane faite de quelques vieilles planches

(e) (indicating motive) par;

∎ he refused out of sheer spite il a refusé par pur dépit;

∎ to act out of fear (habitually) agir sous l'emprise de la peur; (on precise occasion) agir sous le coup de la peur

(f) (indicating previous tendency, habit)

∎ I've got out of the habit j'en ai perdu l'habitude;

∎ try and stay out of trouble essaie d'éviter les ennuis

(g) (lacking)

∎ I'm out of cigarettes je n'ai plus de cigarettes;

∎ Commerce I am out of this item je n'ai plus cet article pour le moment;

∎ out of work au chômage

(h) (in proportions, marks etc) sur;

∎ he got nine out of ten in maths il a eu neuf sur dix en maths;

∎ ninety-nine times out of a hundred quatre-vingt-dix-neuf fois sur cent;

∎ choose one out of these ten choisissez-en un parmi les dix;

∎ three days out of four trois jours sur quatre;

∎ one out of every three un sur trois;

∎ out of all the people there, only one spoke German parmi toutes les personnes présentes, une seule parlait allemand

(i) (indicating similarity to book, film etc)

∎ it was like something out of a Fellini film on se serait cru dans un film de Fellini

(j) (indicating exclusion or rejection)

∎ he's out of the race il n'est plus dans la course;

∎ you keep out of this! mêlez-vous de ce qui vous regarde!

(k) (indicating avoidance)

∎ come in out of the rain ne reste pas dehors sous la pluie;

∎ stay out of the sun ne restez pas au soleil;

∎ is there a way out of it? y a-t-il (un) moyen d'en sortir?

(l) (indicating recently completed activity)

∎ a young girl just out of university une jeune fille tout juste sortie de l'université

(m) (in breeding)

∎ Gladiator by Monarch out of Gladia Gladiateur par ou issu de Monarch et Gladia

(n) (idiom) familiar

∎ to be out of it (unaware of situation) être à côté de la plaque; (drunk, on drugs) être raide;

∎ I felt a bit out of it (excluded) je me sentais un peu de trop

►► Accountancy out book livre m du dehors;

Computing out box (for e-mail) corbeille f de départ;

out tray corbeille f sortie

✾ Book 'Out of Africa' Blixen 'La Ferme africaine'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > out
12 sit

sit [sɪt]

asseoir ⇒ 1 (a) faire asseoir ⇒ 1 (b) passer ⇒ 1 (c), 2 (f) s'asseoir ⇒ 2 (a) être assis ⇒ 2 (a) poser ⇒ 2 (b) être en séance ⇒ 2 (d) garder les enfants ⇒ 2 (e) être ⇒ 2 (g) se trouver ⇒ 2 (g) rester ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (h)

(pt & pp sat [sæt], cont sitting)

1 transitive verb

(a) (place) asseoir, installer;

∎ he sat the child in the pram/on his knee il a assis l'enfant dans le landau/sur ses genoux

(b) (invite to be seated) faire asseoir;

∎ she sat me in the waiting room elle m'a fait asseoir dans la salle d'attente

(c) British (examination) se présenter à, passer

(d) Horseriding

∎ to sit a horse badly/well monter (un cheval) mal/bien, avoir une mauvaise/bonne assiette

(e) literary (suit)

∎ with an impudent air that sat him ill d'un air effronté qui lui seyait mal

2 intransitive verb

(a) (take a seat) s'asseoir; (be seated) être assis;

∎ she came and sat next to me elle est venue s'asseoir à côté de moi;

∎ she sat by me all evening elle était assise à côté de moi toute la soirée;

∎ sit in the back of the car mettez-vous à l'arrière (de la voiture);

∎ she was sitting reading elle était assise à lire ou en train de lire;

∎ where would you like me to sit?, where shall I sit? où est-ce que je me mets?;

∎ they were sitting at (the) table ils étaient à table, ils étaient attablés;

∎ we usually sit in the living room nous sommes d'ordinaire dans le salon;

∎ sit still! tiens-toi ou reste tranquille!;

∎ sit! (to dog) assis!;

∎ they sat over the meal for hours ils sont restés à table pendant des heures;

∎ to sit at home, American to sit home rester à la maison;

∎ don't think I'm just going to sit and wait for you! ne t'imagine pas que je vais rester là à t'attendre!;

∎ he sits in front of the television all day il passe toute la journée devant la télévision;

∎ familiar sit tight, I'll be back in a moment ne bouge pas, je reviens tout de suite;

∎ we just have to sit tight and wait for things to get better on ne peut qu'attendre patiemment que les choses s'arrangent

(b) Art & Photography (pose) poser;

∎ she sat for Modigliani elle a posé pour Modigliani

(c) (be a member)

∎ to sit on a board faire partie ou être membre d'un conseil d'administration;

∎ British Politics to sit in Parliament = être député;

∎ he sat for Swansea il était député de Swansea

(d) (be in session) être en séance, siéger;

∎ the council was still sitting at midnight à minuit, le conseil siégeait toujours ou était toujours en séance;

∎ the House sits for another two months la session de la Chambre doit durer encore deux mois

(e) familiar (baby-sit)

∎ I'll ask Amy to sit for us je demanderai à Amy de garder les enfants^□ ;

∎ she's sitting for the neighbours elle garde les enfants des voisins^□

(f) British School & University (be a candidate)

∎ to sit for an exam se présenter à ou passer un examen

(g) (be situated → building) être, se trouver; (→ vase) être posé;

∎ the houses sit nestled in a beautiful valley les maisons sont nichées ou blotties dans une belle vallée;

∎ a clock sat on the mantelpiece une horloge était posée sur la cheminée;

∎ your keys are sitting right in front of you tes clés sont là, devant ton nez;

∎ her mail sat in a pile on her desk son courrier était empilé sur son bureau;

∎ a tank sat in the middle of the road un char d'assaut était planté au milieu de la route;

∎ literary joy sat on every countenance la joie régnait sur tous les visages;

∎ literary the wind sits in the east le vent vient de l'est

(h) (remain inactive or unused) rester;

∎ the plane sat waiting on the runway l'avion attendait sur la piste;

∎ the letter sat unopened la lettre n'avait pas été ouverte

(i) (fit → coat, dress) tomber;

∎ the jacket sits well on you la veste vous va parfaitement;

∎ the collar should sit flat le col devrait rester à plat;

∎ figurative age sits well on him la maturité lui va bien;

∎ the thought sat uneasily on my conscience cette pensée me pesait sur la conscience

(j) (bird → perch) se percher, se poser; (→ brood) couver;

∎ they take turns sitting on the eggs ils couvent les œufs à tour de rôle

➲ sit about, sit around intransitive verb

rester à ne rien faire, traîner;

∎ she just sits around (the house) all day elle reste toute la journée à la maison à ne rien faire;

∎ I'm not going to sit around waiting for you je ne vais pas passer mon temps à t'attendre

➲ sit back intransitive verb

(a) (relax) s'installer confortablement;

∎ to sit back (in an armchair) se caler ou s'installer confortablement dans un fauteuil;

∎ I sat back against the cushions je me suis calé contre les coussins;

∎ just sit back and close your eyes installe-toi bien et ferme les yeux;

∎ sit back and enjoy it détends-toi et profites-en

(b) (refrain from intervening)

∎ I can't just sit back and watch! je ne peux pas rester là à regarder sans rien faire!;

∎ he just sits back and lets the others do the work il regarde les autres travailler sans lever le petit doigt;

∎ we can't just sit back and ignore the danger nous ne pouvons tout de même pas faire comme s'il n'y avait pas de danger

➲ sit by intransitive verb

rester sans rien faire;

∎ how can you sit by while others suffer? comment peux-tu rester sans rien faire quand d'autres souffrent?

➲ sit down

1 separable transitive verb

(place → person) asseoir, installer;

∎ he sat himself down beside me il s'est assis à côté de moi;

∎ sit yourself down and have a drink asseyez-vous et prenez un verre

2 intransitive verb

s'asseoir;

∎ please sit down asseyez-vous, je vous en prie;

∎ to be sitting down être assis;

∎ I was just sitting down to work when the phone rang j'étais sur le point de me mettre au travail quand le téléphone a sonné;

∎ to sit down to table se mettre à table, s'attabler;

∎ to sit down to a game of bridge s'installer pour faire une partie de bridge;

∎ I think we should sit down and talk about it je crois qu'il faut qu'on en discute ou parle;

∎ the two sides have decided to sit down together at the negotiating table les deux camps ont décidé de s'asseoir à la table des négociations

➲ sit in intransitive verb

(a) (attend) assister (sans participer);

∎ do you mind if I sit in for a while? cela vous ennuie-t-il si je reste à écouter un moment?;

∎ to sit in on a meeting/a class assister à une réunion/un cours

(b) (replace)

∎ to sit in for sb remplacer qn

(c) (hold a demonstration) faire un sit-in

➲ sit on inseparable transitive verb familiar

(a) (suppress, quash → file, report) garder le silence sur^□ ; (→ suggestion, proposal) repousser^□, rejeter^□ ;

∎ any new initiative is promptly sat on on décourage rapidement toute nouvelle initiative^□

(b) (take no action on) ne pas s'occuper de^□ ;

∎ his office has been sitting on those recommendations for months now ça fait des mois que son bureau a ces recommandations sous le coude;

∎ they mustn't sit on their one-goal lead il ne faut pas qu'ils s'endorment sur leurs lauriers maintenant qu'ils ont un but d'avance

(c) (silence → person) faire taire^□ ; (rebuff) rabrouer^□

➲ sit out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (endure) attendre la fin de;

∎ it was very boring but I sat it out c'était très ennuyeux, mais je suis restée jusqu'au bout

(b) (not take part in)

∎ I think I'll sit the next one out (dance) je crois que je ne vais pas danser la prochaine danse; (in cards) je crois que je ne jouerai pas la prochaine main

2 intransitive verb

(sit outside) s'asseoir ou se mettre dehors; (be seated outside) être assis dehors

➲ sit through inseparable transitive verb

attendre la fin de;

∎ he sat through the whole play il est resté jusqu'à la fin de la pièce;

∎ I can't bear to sit through another of his speeches je ne supporterai pas un autre de ses discours;

∎ we had to sit through two hours of Wagner nous avons dû nous payer deux heures de Wagner;

∎ we sat through dinner in silence nous avons passé tout le dîner sans rien dire

➲ sit up

1 intransitive verb

(a) (raise oneself to sitting position) s'asseoir; (sit straight) se redresser;

∎ she was sitting up in bed reading elle lisait, assise dans son lit;

∎ the baby can sit up now le bébé peut se tenir assis maintenant;

∎ sit up straight! redresse-toi!, tiens-toi droit!;

∎ figurative to make sb sit up secouer qn, secouer les puces à qn;

∎ the public began to sit up and take notice le public a commencé à montrer un certain intérêt;

∎ her competitors are beginning to sit up and take notice ses concurrents commencent à prendre conscience de son existence

(b) (not go to bed) rester debout, ne pas se coucher;

∎ don't bother sitting up for me ne m'attendez pas;

∎ I sat up watching TV until 3 a.m. j'ai regardé la télé jusqu'à 3 heures du matin;

∎ I'll sit up with her until the fever passes je vais rester avec elle jusqu'à ce que sa fièvre tombe

2 separable transitive verb

(child, patient) asseoir, redresser;

∎ to sit sb up against a wall adosser qn contre un mur

ⓘ Are you sitting comfortably? (Then I'll begin) Cette expression ("Êtes-vous assis confortablement? Je peux donc commencer") est la formule d'introduction classique que l'on prononce avant de raconter une histoire à des enfants. Le narrateur de l'émission de radio britannique Listen with Mother l'employait systématiquement avant chaque récit. Aujourd'hui, cette expression témoigne d'une attitude quelque peu condescendante de la part de celui qui l'emploie. On l'utilise lorsqu'on veut capter l'attention de personnes inattentives ou bien sur le mode humoristique avant un discours.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > sit
13 commercial right

юр. право на коммерческое использование, коммерческая лицензия (право на использование какой-л. материальной или интеллектуальной собственности с коммерческими целями)

commercial right to use smth — право на коммерческое использование чего-л.

The University has an exclusive commercial right to market the course outside the University. — Университет имеет исключительное право на коммерческое распространение курса за пределами университета.

Англо-русский экономический словарь > commercial right
14 go

go ⇒ Usage note: go

A vi (3^e pers sg prés goes ; prét went ; pp gone)

1 (move, travel) aller (from de ; to à, en) ; to go to London/Paris aller à Londres/Paris ; to go to Wales/to Ireland/to California aller au Pays de Galles/en Irlande/en Californie ; to go to town/to the country aller en ville/à la campagne ; they went home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; she's gone to Paris elle est allée à Paris ; to go up/down/across monter/descendre/traverser ; I went into the room je suis entré dans la pièce ; to go by bus/train/plane voyager en bus/train/avion ; we went there by bus nous y sommes allés en bus ; to go by ou past [person, vehicle] passer ; that car's going very fast! cette voiture roule très vite! ; there he goes again! ( that's him again) le revoilà! ; fig ( he's starting again) le voilà qui recommence!, c'est reparti! ; who goes there? Mil qui va là? ; where do we go from here? fig et maintenant qu'est-ce qu'on fait? ;

2 (on specific errand, activity) aller ; to go shopping aller faire des courses ; to go swimming (in sea, river) aller se baigner ; ( in pool) aller à la piscine ; to go for a walk aller se promener ; to go on a journey/on holiday partir en voyage/en vacances ; to go for a drink aller prendre un verre ; he's gone to get some wine il est allé chercher du vin ; go and answer the phone va répondre au téléphone ; go and tell them that… va leur dire que… ; go after him! poursuivez-le! ;

3 ( attend) aller ; to go to school/ church aller à l'école/l'église ; to go to work aller or se rendre au travail ; to go to the doctor's/dentist's aller chez le médecin/dentiste ;

4 ( used as auxiliary with present participle) she went running up the stairs elle a monté l'escalier en courant ; she went complaining to the principal elle est allée se plaindre au directeur ;

5 ( depart) partir ; I must go, I must be going il faut que je parte or que je m'en aille ; the train goes at six o'clock le train part à six heures ; a train goes every hour il y a un train toutes les heures ; to go on holiday partir en vacances ; be gone! va-t'en!, allez-vous en! ;

6 euph ( die) mourir, disparaître ; when I am gone quand je ne serai plus là ; the doctors say she could go at any time d'après les médecins elle risque de mourir d'un instant à l'autre ;

7 ( disappear) partir ; half the money goes on school fees la moitié de l'argent part en frais de scolarité ; the money/cake has all gone il ne reste plus d'argent/de gâteau ; I left my bike outside and now it's gone j'ai laissé mon vélo dehors et il n'est plus là or il a disparu ; there goes my chance of winning! c'en est fait de mes chances de gagner! ;

8 (be sent, transmitted) it can't go by post on ne peut pas l'envoyer par la poste ; these proposals will go before parliament ces propositions seront soumises au parlement ;

9 ( become) to go red rougir ; to go white blanchir ; his hair ou he is going grey il commençe à avoir les cheveux blancs ; to go mad devenir fou/folle ; to go bankrupt faire faillite ;

10 ( change over to new system) to go Labour/Conservative Pol [country, constituency] voter travailliste/conservateur ; to go metric adopter le système métrique ; ⇒ private, public ;

11 (be, remain) the people went hungry les gens n'avaient rien à manger ; we went for two days without food nous avons passé deux jours sans rien manger ; to go unnoticed passer inaperçu ; to go unpunished rester impuni ; the question went unanswered la question est restée sans réponse ; to go naked se promener tout nu ; he was allowed to go free il a été libéré or remis en liberté ;

12 (weaken, become impaired) his memory/mind is going il perd la mémoire/l'esprit ; his hearing is going il devient sourd ; my voice is going je n'ai plus de voix ; the battery is going la batterie est presque à plat ; the engine is going le moteur a des ratés ;

13 ( of time) ( elapse) s'écouler ; three hours went by before… trois heures se sont écoulées avant que… (+ subj) ; there are only three days to go before Christmas il ne reste plus que trois jours avant Noël ; how's the time going? quelle heure est-il? ; it's just gone seven o'clock il est un peu plus de sept heures ;

14 ( be got rid of) he's totally inefficient, he'll have to go! il est complètement incapable, il va falloir qu'on se débarrasse de lui! ; that new lampshade is hideous, it'll have to go! ce nouvel abat-jour est affreux, il va falloir qu'on s'en débarrasse! ; the car will have to go il va falloir vendre la voiture ; either she goes or I do! c'est elle ou moi! ; six down and four to go! six de faits, et encore quatre à faire! ;

15 (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] marcher, fonctionner ; to set [sth] going mettre [qch] en marche ; to get going [engine, machine] se mettre en marche ; fig [business] démarrer ; to get the fire going allumer le feu ; to keep going [person, business, machine] tenir le coup ○, se maintenir ; we have several projects going at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets en route en ce moment ; ⇒ keep ;

16 ( start) let's get going! allons-y!, allez, on commençe! ; we'll have to get going on that translation il va falloir qu'on se mette à faire cette traduction ; to get things going mettre les choses en train ; ready, steady, go! à vos marques, prêts, partez! ; here goes!, here we go! c'est parti! ; once he gets going, he never stops une fois lancé, il n'arrête pas ;

17 ( lead) aller, conduire, mener (to à) ; that corridor goes to the kitchen le couloir va or conduit à la cuisine ; the road goes down to the sea/goes up the mountain la route descend vers la mer/monte au sommet de la montagne ; this road goes past the cemetery ce chemin passe à côté du cimetière ;

18 ( extend in depth or scope) the roots of the plant go very deep les racines de la plante s'enfoncent très profondément ; the historical reasons for this conflict go very deep les raisons historiques de ce conflit remontent très loin ; these habits go very deep ces habitudes sont profondément ancrées or enracinées ; as far as that goes pour ce qui est de cela ; it's true as far as it goes c'est vrai dans un sens or dans une certaine mesure ; she'll go far! elle ira loin! ; this time he's gone too far! cette fois il est allé trop loin! ; a hundred pounds doesn't go far these days on ne va pas loin avec cent livres sterling de nos jours ; one leg of lamb doesn't go very far among twelve people un gigot d'agneau n'est pas suffisant pour douze personnes ; this goes a long way towards explaining his attitude ceci explique en grande partie son attitude ; you can make £5 go a long way on peut faire beaucoup de choses avec 5 livres sterling ;

19 (belong, be placed) aller ; where do these plates go? où vont ces assiettes? ; that table goes beside the bed cette table va à côté du lit ; the suitcases will have to go in the back il va falloir mettre les valises derrière ;

20 ( fit) gen rentrer ; it won't go into the box ça ne rentre pas dans la boîte ; five into four won't go quatre n'est pas divisible par cinq ; three into six goes twice six divisé par trois, ça fait deux ;

21 (be expressed, sung etc in particular way) I can't remember how the poem goes je n'arrive pas à me rappeler le poème ; how does the song go? quel est l'air de la chanson? ; the song goes something like this la chanson ressemble à peu près à ça ; as the saying goes comme dit le proverbe ; the story goes that le bruit court que, on dit que ; her theory goes something like this… sa théorie consiste à peu près à dire que… ;

22 ( be accepted) what he says goes c'est lui qui fait la loi ; it goes without saying that il va sans dire que ; that goes without saying cela va sans dire ; anything goes tout est permis ;

23 ( be about to) to be going to do aller faire ; it's going to snow il va neiger ; I was just going to phone you j'étais justement sur le point de t'appeler, j'allais justement t'appeler ; I'm going to phone him right now je vais l'appeler tout de suite ; I'm not going to be treated like that! je ne vais pas me laisser faire comme ça! ; we were going to go to Italy, but we changed our plans nous devions aller en Italie, mais nous avons changé d'idée ;

24 ( happen) the party went very well la soirée s'est très bien passée ; so far the campaign is going well jusqu'à maintenant la campagne a bien marché ; how did the evening go? comment s'est passée la soirée? ; the way things are going, I don't think we'll ever get finished vu la façon dont les choses se passent or si ça continue comme ça, je pense qu'on n'aura jamais fini ; how's it going ○ ?, how are things going? comment ça va ○ ? ; how goes it? hum comment ça va ○ ?, comment va ◑ ? ;

25 ( be on average) it's old, as Australian towns go c'est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne ; it wasn't a bad party, as parties go c'était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne ;

26 ( be sold) the house went for over £100,000 la maison a été vendue à plus de 100 000 livres ; we won't let the house go for less than £100,000 nous ne voulons pas vendre la maison à moins de 100 000 livres ; those rugs are going cheap ces tapis ne sont pas chers ; the house will go to the highest bidder la maison sera vendue au plus offrant ; ‘going, going, gone!’ ( at auction) ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’ ;

27 ( be on offer) I'll have some coffee, if there's any going je prendrai bien un café, s'il y en a ; are there any drinks going? est-ce qu'il y a quelque chose à boire? ; I'll have whatever's going je prendrai ce qu'il y a ; it's the best machine going c'est la meilleure machine sur le marché ; there's a job going at their London office il y a un poste libre dans leur bureau de Londres ;

28 ( contribute) the money will go towards a new roof l'argent servira à payer un nouveau toit ; the elements that go to make a great film les éléments qui font un bon film ; everything that goes to make a good teacher toutes les qualités d'un bon enseignant ;

29 ( be given) [award, prize] aller (to à) ; [estate, inheritance, title] passer (to à) ; the money will go to charity les bénéfices iront aux bonnes œuvres ; most of the credit should go to the author la plus grande partie du mérite revient à l'auteur ; the job went to a local man le poste a été donné à un homme de la région ;

30 ( emphatic use) she's gone and told everybody! elle est allée le dire à tout le monde! ; why did he go and spoil it? pourquoi est-il allé tout gâcher ? ; you've gone and ruined everything! tu t'es débrouillé pour tout gâcher! ; he went and won the competition! il s'est débrouillé pour gagner le concours! ; you've really gone and done it now! tu peux être fier de toi! iron ; then he had to go and lose his wallet comme s'il ne manquait plus que ça, il a perdu son portefeuille ;

31 ( of money) (be spent, used up) all his money goes on drink tout son argent passe dans l'alcool ; most of his salary goes on rent la plus grande partie de son salaire passe dans le loyer ; I don't know where all my money goes (to)! je ne sais pas ce que je fais de mon argent! ;

32 (make sound, perform action or movement) gen faire ; [bell, alarm] sonner ; the cat went ‘miaow’ le chat a fait ‘miaou’ ; wait until the bell goes attends que la cloche sonne ( subj) ; she went like this with her fingers elle a fait comme ça avec ses doigts ; so he goes ‘what about my money ○ ?’ et puis il dit or il fait, ‘et mon argent?’ ;

33 (resort to, have recourse to) to go to war [country] entrer en guerre ; [soldier] partir à la guerre ; to go to law GB ou to the law US aller en justice ;

34 (break, collapse etc) [roof] s'effondrer ; [cable, rope] se rompre, céder ; ( fuse) [light bulb] griller ;

35 (bid, bet) aller ; I'll go as high as £100 j'irai jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ; I went up to £100 je suis allé jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ;

36 ( take one's turn) you go next c'est ton tour après, c'est à toi après ; you go first après vous ;

37 ( be in harmony) those two colours don't go together ces deux couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ; the curtains don't go with the carpet les rideaux ne vont pas avec le tapis ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;

38 ○ euph ( relieve oneself) aller aux toilettes ;

39 US ( in takeaway) to go à emporter ; two hamburgers to go! deux hamburgers à emporter!

B vtr (3^e pers sg prés goes ; prét went ; pp gone) ( see usage note)

1 ( travel) we had gone ten miles before we realized that… nous avions déjà fait dix kilomètres quand nous nous sommes rendu compte que… ; are you going my way? tu vas dans la même direction que moi? ; to go one's own way fig suivre son chemin ;

2 ○ (bet, bid) I go two diamonds ( in cards) j'annonce deux carreaux ; he went £20 il a mis or parié 20 livres sterling.

C n (pl goes)

1 GB ( person's turn) tour m ; ( try) essai m ; it's your go ( in game) c'est ton tour, c'est à toi ; whose go is it? gen à qui le tour? ; ( in game) à qui de jouer? ; you've had two goes ( in game) tu as eu deux tours ; ( two attempts at mending sth) tu as déjà essayé deux fois ; to have a go at sth essayer de faire qch ; have another go! essaie encore une fois or un coup! ; she had several goes at the exam elle a repassé l'examen plusieurs fois ; I had to have several goes before passing j'ai dû m'y reprendre à plusieurs fois avant de réussir ;

2 ○ ( energy) dynamisme m ; to be full of go, to be all go être très dynamique, avoir beaucoup d'allant ; he has no go in him il manque de dynamisme ;

3 ○ GB ( bout) ( of illness) attaque f ;

4 ⇒ Games and sports ( board game) go m.

D adj all systems are go! Aerosp tout est paré pour le lancement!

Idioms

to have a go at sb s'en prendre à qn ; to make a go of sth réussir qch ; she's always on the go elle n'arrête jamais ; he's all go ○ ! il n'arrête pas! ; it's all the go ○ ! ça fait fureur! ; we have several different projects on the go at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets différents en chantier or en cours en ce moment ; (it's) no go! pas question! ; from the word go dès le départ ; that was a near go ○ ! on l'a échappé belle! ; in one go d'un seul coup ; to go one better than sb renchérir sur qn ; that's how it goes!, that's the way it goes! ainsi va le monde!, c'est la vie! ; there you go ○ ! voilà!

Phrasal verbs

■ go about:

▶ go about

1 = go around ;

2 Naut virer de bord ; prepare to go about! parer à virer! ;

▶ go about [sth]

1 ( undertake) s'attaquer à [task] ; how do you go about writing a novel? comment est-ce que vous vous y prenez pour écrire un roman? ; he knows how to go about it il sait s'y prendre ;

2 ( be busy with) to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations ; she went about her work mechanically elle faisait son travail machinalement.

■ go across:

▶ go across traverser ; he's gone across to the shop/neighbour's il est allé au magasin en face/chez les voisins en face ;

▶ go across [sth] traverser [street, river, bridge etc].

■ go after:

▶ go after [sth/sb]

1 ( chase) poursuivre [person] ;

2 fig ( try hard to get) he really went after that job il a fait tout son possible pour avoir ce travail.

■ go against:

▶ go against [sb/sth]

1 ( prove unfavourable to) the vote/verdict/decision went against them le vote/le verdict/la décision leur a été défavorable or n'a pas été en leur faveur ; the war is going against them la guerre tourne à leur désavantage ;

2 ( conflict with) être contraire à [rules, principles] ; to go against the trend aller à l'encontre de or être contraire à la tendance ; to go against the party line Pol ne pas être dans la ligne du parti ;

3 (resist, oppose) s'opposer à, aller à l'inverse de [person, sb's wishes].

■ go ahead

1 ( go in front) go ahead, I'll follow you on partez devant, je vous suis ;

2 fig ( proceed) go! ( in conversation) continue! ; go ahead and shoot! vas-y, tire! ; they are going ahead with the project ils ont décidé de mettre le projet en route ; we can go ahead without them nous pouvons continuer sans eux ; next week's strike is to go ahead la grève de la semaine prochaine va avoir lieu.

■ go along

1 ( move along) [person, vehicle] aller, avancer ; to make sth up as one goes along fig inventer qch au fur et à mesure ;

2 ( attend) aller ; she went along as a witch elle y est allée déguisée en sorcière ; I went along as a witness j'y suis allé or je me suis présenté comme témoin.

■ go along with:

▶ go along with [sb/sth] être d'accord avec, accepter [plans, wishes] ; I can't go along with that je ne peux pas accepter ça ; I'll go along with you there je suis d'accord avec vous sur ce point.

■ go around:

▶ go around

1 (move, travel about) se promener, circuler ; to go around naked/barefoot se promener tout nu/pieds nus ; she goes around on a bicycle elle circule à bicyclette ; they go around everywhere together ils vont partout ensemble ;

2 ( circulate) [rumour] courir ; there's a rumour going around that le bruit court que ; there's a virus going around il y a un virus qui traîne ; there isn't enough money to go around il n'y a pas assez d'argent pour tout le monde ;

▶ go around [sth] faire le tour de [house, shops, area] ; to go around the world faire le tour du monde ; they went around the country looking for him ils l'ont cherché dans tout le pays.

■ go at:

▶ go at [sb] ( attack) attaquer, tomber sur ;

▶ go at [sth] s'attaquer à, s'atteler à [task, activity].

■ go away [person] partir ; to go away on holiday GB ou vacation US partir en vacances ; go away and leave me alone! va-t-en et laisse-moi tranquille! ; go away and think about it réfléchissez-y ; don't go away thinking that ne va pas croire que ; this cold/headache just won't go away! je n'arrive pas à me débarrasser de ce rhume/mal de tête! ; the problems aren't just going to go away! les problèmes ne vont pas disparaître tout seuls!

■ go back

1 ( return) retourner ; ( turn back) rebrousser chemin, faire demi-tour ; ( resume work) reprendre le travail ; (resume classes, studies) reprendre les cours ; as it was raining, they decided to go back comme il pleuvait, ils ont décidé de faire demi-tour or de rebrousser chemin ; they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; let's go back to France rentrons en France ; to go back to the beginning recommencer ; to go back to sleep se rendormir ; to go back to work/writing se remettre au travail/à écrire ; go back! the path isn't safe reculez! le chemin est dangereux ; once you've committed yourself, there's no going back une fois que vous vous êtes engagé, vous ne pouvez plus reculer ;

2 ( in time) remonter ; to go back in time remonter dans le temps ; to understand the problem we need to go back 20 years pour comprendre le problème il faut remonter 20 ans en arrière ; this tradition goes back a century cette tradition est vieille d'un siècle ; we go back a long way ça fait longtemps qu'on se connaît ;

3 ( revert) revenir (to à) ; to go back to teaching revenir à l'enseignement ; to go back to being a student reprendre des études ; let's go back to what we were discussing yesterday revenons à ce que dont nous parlions hier.

■ go back on:

▶ go back on [sth] revenir sur [promise, decision].

■ go before:

▶ go before ( go in front) aller au devant ; fig ( in time) se passer avant ; all that had gone before tout ce qui s'était passé avant ;

▶ go before [sb/sth] [person] comparaître devant [court, judge] ; the bill went before parliament le projet de loi a été soumis au parlement.

■ go below gen, Naut descendre.

■ go by:

▶ go by [person] passer ; [time] passer, s'écouler ; as time goes by avec le temps ; don't let such opportunities go by il ne faut pas laisser passer de telles occasions ;

▶ go by [sth]

1 ( judge by) juger d'après ; to go by appearances juger d'après or sur les apparences ; going by her looks, I'd say she was about 30 à la voir, je lui donne 30 ans ; you mustn't go by what you read in the papers il ne faut pas croire tout ce que disent les journaux ; if the trailer is anything to go by, it should be a good film à en juger par la bande-annonce, ça doit être un bon film ; if the father is anything to go by, I wouldn't like to meet the son! quand on voit le père, on n'a pas envie de rencontrer le fils! ;

2 ( proceed by) to go by the rules suivre or observer le règlement ; promotion goes by seniority la promotion se fait à l'ancienneté or en fonction de l'ancienneté.

■ go down:

▶ go down

1 ( descend) gen descendre ; [diver] effectuer une plongée ; to go down to the cellar descendre à la cave ; to go down to the beach aller à la plage ; to go down to the pub aller au pub ; they've gone down to Brighton for a few days ils sont allés passer quelques jours à Brighton ; ‘going down!’ ( in elevator) ‘on descend!’ ; to go down on one's knees se mettre à genoux ;

2 ( fall) [person, aircraft] tomber ; ( sink) [ship] couler, sombrer ; [person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ; most of the passengers went down with the ship la plupart des passagers ont coulé avec le navire ; the plane went down in flames l'avion s'est écrasé en flammes ; the plane went down over Normandy/the Channel l'avion s'est écrasé en Normandie/est tombé dans la Manche ; to go down for the third time [drowning person] disparaître sous les flots et se noyer ;

3 [sun] se coucher ;

4 ( be received) to go down well/badly être bien/mal reçu ; this remark didn't go down at all well cette remarque n'a pas été appréciée du tout ; his jokes went down well/didn't go down well with the audience le public a apprécié/n'a pas beaucoup apprécié ses plaisanteries ; another cup of coffee would go down nicely! une autre tasse de café serait la bienvenue! ;

5 ( be swallowed) it went down the wrong way c'est passé de travers ;

6 ( become lower) [water level, temperature] baisser ; [tide] descendre ; [price, standard] baisser ; ( abate) [storm, wind] se calmer ; [fire] s'éteindre ; the river has/the floods have gone down le niveau de la rivière/des inondations a baissé ; foodstuffs are going down (in price) les produits alimentaires deviennent moins chers ;

7 ( become deflated) [swelling] désenfler ; [tyre, balloon] se dégonfler ;

8 GB Univ ( break up for holiday) terminer les cours ; ( leave university permanently) quitter l'université ; when do you go down? quand est-ce que vous êtes en vacances? ;

9 gen, Sport (fail, be defeated) perdre ; ( be downgraded) redescendre ; Corby went down 6-1 to Oxford Corby a perdu 6-1 contre Oxford ; the team has gone down to the second division l'équipe est redescendue en deuxième division ;

10 ( be remembered) he will go down as a great statesman on se souviendra de lui comme d'un grand homme d'État ;

11 ( be recorded) être noté ; it all goes down in her diary elle note tout dans son journal ;

12 ( continue) the book goes down to 1939 le livre va jusqu'en 1939 ; if you go down to the second last line you will see that si vous regardez à l'avant-dernière ligne, vous verrez que ;

13 ( be stricken) to go down with flu/malaria attraper la grippe/la malaria ;

14 ○ GB ( be sent to prison) être envoyé en prison ;

15 Comput [computer, system] tomber en panne ;

▶ go down [sth]

1 lit descendre [hill] ; descendre dans [mine] ;

2 ( be downgraded) to go down a class Sch redescendre d'une classe.

■ go down on:

▶ go down on [sth] ( set) [sun] se coucher sur ; when the sun went down on the Roman Empire fig quand l'empire romain commençait à décliner ;

▶ go down on [sb] ● ( have oral sex with) tailler une pipe à ● [man] ; faire minette à ● [woman].

■ go for:

▶ go for [sb/sth]

1 ○ (favour, have liking for) craquer ○ pour [person, physical type] ; aimer [style of music, literature etc] ; he really goes for blondes il craque ○ pour or il adore les blondes ; I don't go much for modern art je ne suis pas emballé ○ par l'art moderne, je n'aime pas tellement l'art moderne ;

2 ( apply to) être valable pour, s'appliquer à ; that goes for all of you! c'est valable pour tout le monde! ; the same goes for him c'est valable pour lui aussi!, ça s'applique à lui aussi! ;

▶ go for [sb]

1 ( attack) ( physically) attaquer, tomber sur ; ( verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à [person] ; the two youths went for him les deux jeunes l'ont attaqué or lui ont sauté dessus ; to go for sb's throat [animal] attaquer qn à la gorge ; she really went for him! (in argument, row) elle l'a vraiment incendié!, elle s'en est prise violemment à lui! ;

2 he has a lot going for him il a beaucoup de choses pour lui ;

▶ go for [sth]

1 ( attempt to achieve) essayer d'obtenir [honour, victory] ; she's going for the gold medal/world record elle vise la médaille d'or/le record mondial ; go for it ○ ! vas-y, fonce ○ ! ; the company is going for a new image l'entreprise cherche à se donner une nouvelle image ; the team is going for a win against Italy l'équipe compte bien gagner contre l'Italie ;

2 ( choose) choisir, prendre ; I'll go for the blue one je prendrai le bleu.

■ go forth sout [person] ( go out) sortir ; ( go forward) aller, avancer ; go forth and multiply allez et multipliez-vous.

■ go forward(s) avancer.

■ go in

1 ( enter) entrer ; ( go back in) rentrer ;

2 Mil [army, troops] attaquer ; the troops went in at dawn les troupes ont attaqué à l'aube ;

3 ( disappear) [sun, moon] se cacher.

■ go in for:

▶ go in for [sth]

1 ( be keen on) aimer [sport, hobby etc] ; I don't go in for sports much je n'aime pas tellement le sport ; he goes in for opera in a big way il adore l'opéra, c'est un fou d'opéra ○ ; we don't go in for that sort of thing nous n'aimons pas ce genre de chose ; they don't go in much for foreign languages at Ben's school ils ne s'intéressent pas beaucoup aux langues étrangères dans l'école de Ben ;

2 ( take up) to go in for teaching entrer dans l'enseignement ; to go in for politics se lancer dans la politique ;

3 ( take part in) s'inscrire à [exam, competition].

■ go into:

▶ go into [sth]

1 ( enter) entrer dans ; fig ( take up) se lancer dans ; to go into hospital entrer à l'hôpital ; to go into parliament entrer au parlement ; to go into politics/business se lancer dans la politique/les affaires ;

2 (examine, investigate) étudier ; we need to go into the question of funding il faut que nous étudiions la question du financement ;

3 (explain, describe) I won't go into why I did it je n'expliquerai pas pourquoi je l'ai fait ; let's not go into that now laissons cela de côté pour l'instant ;

4 ( launch into) se lancer dans ; she went into a long explanation of what had happened elle s'est lancée dans une longue explication de ce qui s'était passé ;

5 ( be expended) a lot of work/money went into this project beaucoup de travail/d'argent a été investi dans ce projet ; a lot of effort went into organizing the party l'organisation de la soirée a demandé beaucoup de travail ;

6 ( hit) [car, driver] rentrer dans, heurter ; the car went into a lamp post la voiture est rentrée dans or a heurté un réverbère.

■ go in with:

▶ go in with [sb] se joindre à [person, ally, organization] ; he went in with us to buy the present il s'est mis avec nous pour acheter le cadeau.

■ go off:

▶ go off

1 (explode, fire) [bomb] exploser ; the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti ;

2 [alarm clock] sonner ; [fire alarm] se déclencher ;

3 ( depart) partir, s'en aller ; he went off to work il est parti au travail ; she went off to find a spade elle est allée chercher une pelle ; they went off together ils sont partis ensemble ;

4 GB ( go bad) [milk, cream] tourner ; [meat] s'avarier ; [butter] rancir ; ( deteriorate) [performer, athlete etc] perdre sa forme ; [work] se dégrader ; ( lose one's attractiveness) [person] être moins beau/belle qu'avant ; he used to be very handsome, but he's gone off a bit il était très beau, mais il est moins bien maintenant ; the first part of the film was good, but after that it went off la première partie du film était bien, mais après ça s'est dégradé ;

5 ○ ( fall asleep) s'endormir ;

6 ( cease to operate) [lights, heating] s'éteindre ;

7 (happen, take place) [evening, organized event] se passer ; the concert went off very well le concert s'est très bien passé ;

8 Theat quitter la scène ;

▶ go off [sb/sth] GB I used to like him but I've gone off him je l'aimais bien avant, mais je ne l'aime plus tellement ; I've gone off opera/whisky je n'aime plus tellement l'opéra/le whisky ; I think she's gone off the idea je crois qu'elle a renoncé à l'idée.

■ go off with:

▶ go off with [sb/sth] partir avec [person, money] ; she went off with all his money elle est partie avec tout son argent ; who's gone off with my pen? qui a pris mon stylo?

■ go on:

▶ go on

1 (happen, take place) se passer ; what's going on? qu'est-ce qui se passe? ; there's a party going on upstairs il y a une fête en haut ; how long has this been going on? depuis combien de temps est-ce que ça dure? ; a lot of stealing goes on il y a beaucoup de vols ; a lot of drinking goes on at Christmas time les gens boivent beaucoup à Noël ;

2 ( continue on one's way) poursuivre son chemin ;

3 ( continue) continuer ; go on with your work continuez votre travail, continuez de travailler ; go on looking continuez à or de chercher ; she went on speaking elle a continué de parler ; go on, we're all listening! continue, nous t'écoutons tous! ; ‘and another thing,’ she went on, ‘you're always late’ ‘et autre chose,’ a-t-elle ajouté, ‘vous êtes toujours en retard’ ; if he goes on like this, he'll get into trouble! s'il continue comme ça, il va s'attirer des ennuis ; we can't go on like this! nous ne pouvons pas continuer comme ça! ; life must go on la vie continue ; the meeting went on into the afternoon la réunion s'est prolongée jusque dans l'après-midi ; you can't go on being a pen pusher all your life! tu ne peux pas rester gratte-papier toute ta vie! ; the list goes on and on la liste est infinie or interminable ; that's enough to be going on with ça suffit pour le moment ; have you got enough work to be going on with? est-ce que tu as assez de travail pour le moment? ; here's £20 to be going on with voici 20 livres pour te dépanner ; go on (with you) ○ ! allons donc! ;

4 ( of time) ( elapse) as time went on, they… avec le temps, ils… ; as the evening went on, he became more animated au fur et à mesure que la soirée avançait, il devenait plus animé ;

5 ( keep talking) to go on about sth ne pas arrêter de parler de qch, parler de qch à n'en plus finir ; he was going on about the war il parlait de la guerre à n'en plus finir ; don't go on about it! arrête de parler de ça!, change de disque! ; she went on and on about it elle en a fait toute une histoire ; he does tend to go on a bit! il a tendance à radoter ○ ! ; the way she goes on, you'd think she was an expert on the subject! à l'entendre, on croirait qu'elle est experte en la matière! ;

6 ( proceed) passer ; let's go on to the next item passons au point suivant ; he went on to say that/describe how puis il a dit que/décrit comment ;

7 ( go into operation) [heating, lights] s'allumer ;

8 Theat entrer en scène ; what time do you go on? à quelle heure est-ce que vous entrez en scène? ;

9 ( approach) it's going on three o'clock il est presque trois heures ; she's four going on five elle va sur ses cinq ans ; he's thirty going on three hum il a trente ans mais il pourrait bien en avoir trois ;

10 ( fit) these gloves won't go on ces gants ne m'iront pas ; the lid won't go on properly le couvercle ne ferme pas bien ;

▶ go on [sth] se fonder sur [piece of evidence, information] ; that's all we've got to go on tout ce que nous savons avec certitude ; we've got nothing else to go on nous n'avons pas d'autre point de départ ; the police haven't got much evidence to go on la police n'a pas beaucoup de preuves à l'appui.

■ go on at:

▶ go on at [sb] s'en prendre à [person] ; he's always going on at me for writing badly il s'en prend toujours à moi à cause de ma mauvaise écriture ; they're always going on at us about deadlines ils sont toujours sur notre dos pour des histoires de délais.

■ go out

1 (leave, depart) sortir ; she went out of the room elle a quitté la pièce, elle est sortie de la pièce ; to go out walking aller se promener ; to go out for a drink aller prendre un verre ; they go out a lot ils sortent beaucoup ; she likes going out elle aime sortir ; she had to go out to work at 14 il a fallu qu'elle aille travailler à 14 ans ;

2 ( travel long distance) partir (to à, pour) ; she's gone out to Australia/Africa elle est partie pour l'Australie/l'Afrique ;

3 ( have relationship) to go out with sb sortir avec qn ; they've been going out together for six weeks ils sortent ensemble depuis six semaines ;

4 [tide] descendre ; the tide is going out la marée descend, la mer se retire ;

5 Ind ( go on strike) se mettre en grève ;

6 ( become unfashionable) passer de mode ; ( no longer be used) ne plus être utilisé ; mini-skirts went out in the 1970s les mini-jupes ont passé de mode dans les années 70 ; gas went out and electricity came in l'électricité a remplacé le gaz ;

7 ( be extinguished) [fire, light] s'éteindre ;

8 ( be sent) [invitation, summons] être envoyé ; ( be published) [journal, magazine] être publié ; Radio, TV ( be broadcast) être diffusé ;

9 ( be announced) word went out that he was coming back le bruit a couru qu'il revenait ; the news went out from Washington that Washington a annoncé que ;

10 ( be eliminated) gen, Sport être éliminé ; she went out in the early stages of the competition elle a été éliminée au début de la compétition ;

11 (expressing compassion, sympathy) my heart goes out to them je les plains de tout mon cœur, je suis de tout cœur avec eux ; our thoughts go out to absent friends nos pensées vont vers nos amis absents ;

12 ( disappear) all the spirit seemed to have gone out of her elle semblait avoir perdu tout son entrain ; the romance seemed to have gone out of their relationship leur relation semblait avoir perdu tout son charme ;

13 ( end) [year, month] se terminer ;

14 ( in cards) terminer.

■ go over:

▶ go over

1 ( cross over) aller ; she went over to him/to the window elle est allée vers lui/vers la fenêtre, elle s'est approchée de lui/de la fenêtre ; to go over to Ireland/to America aller en Irlande/aux États-Unis ; we are now going over to Washington for more news Radio, TV nous passons maintenant l'antenne à Washington pour plus d'informations ;

2 ( be received) how did his speech go over? comment est-ce que son discours a été reçu? ; his speech went over well son discours a été bien reçu ; to go over big ○ avoir un grand succès ;

3 ( switch over) he went over to Labour from the Conservatives il est passé du parti des conservateurs au parti des travaillistes ; to go over to the other side fig passer dans l'autre camp ; we've gone over to gas (central heating) nous sommes passés au chauffage central au gaz ; to go over to Islam se convertir à l'Islam ;

▶ go over [sth]

1 ( review) passer [qch] en revue [details] ; she went over the events of the day in her mind elle a passé en revue les événements de la journée ; we've gone over the details again and again nous avons déjà passé les détails en revue mille fois ; to go over one's lines ( actor) répéter son texte ; there's no point in going over old ground il n'y a aucune raison de revenir là-dessus ;

2 (check, inspect) vérifier [accounts, figures] ; revoir [facts, piece of work] ; I want to go over this article once more before I hand it in je veux relire cet article une dernière fois avant de le remettre ; to go over a house faire le tour d'une maison ;

3 ( clean) he went over the room with a duster il a donné un coup de chiffon dans la pièce ; after cleaning, go over the surface with a dry cloth après l'avoir nettoyée, essuyez la surface avec un chiffon sec or passez un chiffon sec sur la surface ;

4 to go over a sketch in ink repasser un dessin à l'encre ;

5 ( exceed) dépasser ; don't go over £100 ne dépassez pas 100 livres sterling.

■ go round GB:

▶ go round

1 ( turn) [wheel, propeller etc] tourner ; the wheels went round and round les roues n'ont pas arrêté de tourner ; my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne ;

2 ( call round) to go round to see sb aller voir qn ; he's gone round to Anna's il est allé chez Anna ;

3 ( suffice) there isn't enough food/money to go round il n'y a pas assez de nourriture/d'argent pour tout le monde ; there was barely enough to go round il y en avait à peine assez pour tout le monde ;

4 ( circulate) there's a rumour going round that le bruit court que ;

5 ( make detour) faire un détour ; we had to go round the long way ou the long way round il a fallu qu'on prenne un chemin plus long ; I had to go round by the bridge il a fallu que je passe par or que je fasse un détour par le pont ;

▶ go round [sth] ( visit) faire le tour de [shops, house, museum].

■ go through:

▶ go through

1 ( come in) entrer ; if you'll just go (on) through, I'll tell them you're here si vous voulez bien entrer, je vais leur dire que vous êtes arrivé ;

2 ( be approved) [law, agreement] passer ; the law failed to go through la loi n'est pas passée ; the divorce hasn't gone through yet le divorce n'a pas encore été prononcé ;

3 ( be successfully completed) [business deal] être conclu ;

▶ go through [sth]

1 ( undergo) endurer, subir [experience, ordeal] ; ( pass through) passer par [stage, phase] ; in spite of all he's gone through malgré tout ce qu'il a enduré ; we've all gone through it nous sommes tous passés par là ; she's gone through a lot elle a beaucoup souffert ; he went through the day in a kind of daze toute la journée il a été dans un état second ; the country has gone through two civil wars le pays a connu deux guerres civiles ; to go through a crisis traverser une crise ; as you go through life au fur et à mesure que tu vieillis, en vieillissant ; you have to go through the switchboard/right authorities il faut passer par le standard/les autorités compétentes ; it went through my mind that l'idée m'a traversé l'esprit que ;

2 (check, inspect) examiner, étudier ; ( rapidly) parcourir [documents, files, list] ; to go through one's mail parcourir son courrier ; let's go through the points one by one étudions or examinons les problèmes un par un ;

3 ( search) fouiller [person's belongings, baggage] ; to go through sb's pockets/drawers fouiller dans les poches/tiroirs de qn ; at customs they went through all my things à la douane ils ont fouillé toutes mes affaires ;

4 (perform, rehearse) répéter [scene] ; expliquer [procedure] ; let's go through the whole scene once more répétons or reprenons toute la scène une dernière fois ; there are still a certain number of formalities to be gone through il y a encore un certain nombre de formalités à remplir ; I went through the whole procedure with him je lui ai expliqué comment il fallait procéder en détail ;

5 (consume, use up) dépenser [money] ; we went through three bottles of wine nous avons bu or descendu ○ trois bouteilles de vin ; I've gone through the elbows of my jacket j'ai usé ma veste aux coudes.

■ go through with:

▶ go through with [sth] réaliser, mettre [qch] à exécution [plan] ; in the end they decided to go through with the wedding finalement ils ont décidé de se marier ; I can't go through with it je ne peux pas le faire ; you'll have to go through with it now il va falloir que tu le fasses maintenant.

■ go together

1 ( harmonize) [colours, pieces of furniture etc] aller ensemble ; these colours don't go together ces couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ;

2 ( entail each other) aller de pair ; poverty and crime often go together la pauvreté et le crime vont souvent de pair ;

3 ○ †( have relationship) [couple] sortir ensemble.

■ go under

1 [boat, ship] couler, sombrer ; [drowning person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ;

2 fig ( succumb) [person] succomber ; ( go bankrupt) [business, company] faire faillite.

■ go up:

▶ go up

1 ( ascend) monter ; to go up to bed monter se coucher ; they've gone up to London ils sont allés or montés à Londres ; they've gone up to Scotland ils sont allés en Écosse ; ‘going up!’ ( in elevator) ‘on monte!’ ;

2 ( rise) [price, temperature] monter ; Theat [curtain] se lever (on sur) ; petrol has gone up (in price) (le prix de) l'essence a augmenté ; unemployment is going up le chômage augmente or est en hausse ; our membership has gone up le nombre de nos adhérents a augmenté ; a cry went up from the crowd un cri est monté or s'est élevé de la foule ;

3 ( be erected) [building] être construit ; [poster] être affiché ; new office blocks are going up all over the place on construit de nouveaux immeubles un peu partout ;

4 (be destroyed, blown up) [building] sauter, exploser ;

5 GB Univ ( start university) entrer à l'université ; ( start term) reprendre les cours ;

6 ( be upgraded) the team has gone up to the first division l'équipe est passée en première division ;

7 ( continue) the book/series goes up to 1990 le livre/la série va jusqu'en 1990 ;

▶ go up [sth]

1 ( mount) monter, gravir [hill, mountain] ;

2 to go up a class Sch passer dans une classe supérieure.

■ go with:

▶ go with [sth]

1 (match, suit) aller avec ; your shirt goes with your blue eyes ta chemise va bien avec tes yeux bleus ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;

2 ( accompany) aller de pair avec ; the car goes with the job la voiture va de pair avec la situation ; the responsibilities that go with parenthood les responsabilités qui vont de pair avec le fait d'être parent ;

▶ go with [sb] ( date) sortir avec ; ( have sex with) coucher avec [person].

■ go without:

▶ go without s'en passer ; you'll just have to go without! il va falloir que tu t'en passes!, il va falloir que tu fasses sans! ;

▶ go without [sth] se passer de [food, luxuries].

Big English-French dictionary > go
15 Liebig, Justus von

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology, Chemical technology

[br]

b. 12 May 1803 Darmstadt, Germany

d. 18 April 1873 Munich, Germany

[br]

German chemist, pioneer in the training of chemists and in agricultural chemistry.

[br]

As the son of a pharmacist, Lei big early acquired an interest in chemistry. In 1822 he pursued his chemical studies in Paris under Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850), one of the leading chemists of the time. Three years later he became Professor of Chemistry in the small university of Giessen, near Frankfurt, where he remained for over thirty years. It was there that he established his celebrated laboratory for training in practical chemistry. The laboratory itself and the instruction given by Liebig were a model for the training of chemists throughout Europe and a steady stream of well-qualified chemists issued forth from Giessen. It was the supply of well-trained chemists that proved to be the basis for Germany's later success in industrial chemistry. The university now bears Liebig's name, and the laboratory has been preserved as a museum in the same state that it was in after the extensions of 1839. Liebig's many and important researches into chemical theory and organic chemistry lie outside the scope of this Dictionary. From 1840 he turned to the chemistry of living things. In agriculture, he stressed the importance of fertilizers containing potassium and phosphorus, although he underrated the role of nitrogen. Liebig thereby exerted a powerful influence on the movement to provide agriculture with a scientific basis.

[br]

Further Reading

C.Paoloni, 1968, Justus von Liebig: eine Bibliographie sämtlicher Veröffentlichungen, Heidelberg: Carl Winter (includes a complete list of Liebig's papers and books, published collections of his letters and a list of secondary works about him).

A.W.Hofmann, 1876, The Life Work of Liebig (Faraday Lecture), London (a valuable reference).

J.R.Partington, 1964, A History of Chemistry, Vol. 4, London (a well-documented account of his work).

F.R.Moulton, 1942, Liebig and After Liebig: A Century of Progress in Agricultural Chemistry, Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, publication 18 (for Liebig's work in agricultural chemistry).

J.B.Morrell, 1972, "The chemist breeders", Ambix 19:1–47 (for information about Liebig's laboratory).

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Liebig, Justus von
16 Popov, Aleksandr Stepanovich

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 16 March 1859 Bogoslavsky, Zamod, Ural District, Russia

d. 13 January 1906 St Petersburg, Russia

[br]

Russian physicist and electrical engineer acclaimed by the former Soviet Union as the inventor of radio.

[br]

Popov, the son of a village priest, received his early education in a seminary, but in 1877 he entered the University of St Petersburg to study mathematics. He graduated with distinction in 1883 and joined the faculty to teach mathematics and physics. Then, increasingly interested in electrical engineering, he became an instructor at the Russian Navy Torpedo School at Krondstadt, near St Petersburg, where he later became a professor. On 7 May 1895 he is said to have transmitted and received Morse code radio signals over a distance of 40 m (130 ft) in a demonstration given at St Petersburg University to the Russian Chemical Society, but in a paper published in January 1896 in the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society, he in fact described the use of a coherer for recording atmospheric disturbances such as lightning, together with the design of a modified coherer intended for reception at a distance of 5 km (3 miles). Subsequently, on 26 November 1897, after Marconi's own radio-transmission experiments had been publicized, he wrote a letter claiming priority for his discovery to the English-language journal Electrician, in the form of a translated précis of his original paper, but neither the original Russian paper nor the English précis made specific claims of either a receiver or a transmitter as such. However, by 1898 he had certainly developed some form of ship-to-shore radio for the Russian Navy. In 1945, long after the Russian revolution, the communist regime supported his claim to be the inventor of radio, but this is a matter for much debate and the priority of Marconi's claim is generally acknowledged outside the USSR.

[br]

Bibliography

1896, Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society (his original paper in Russian).

1897, Electrician 40:235 (the English précis).

Further Reading

C.Susskind, 1962, "Popov and the beginnings of radio telegraphy", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 50:2,036.

——1964, Marconi, Popov and the dawn of radiocommunication', Electronics and Power, London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 10:76.

KF

Biographical history of technology > Popov, Aleksandr Stepanovich
17 Poulsen, Valdemar

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Recording, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 23 November 1869 Copenhagen, Denmark

d. 23 July 1942 Gentofte, Denmark

[br]

Danish engineer who developed practical magnetic recording and the arc generator for continuous radio waves.

[br]

From an early age he was absorbed by phenomena of physics to the exclusion of all other subjects, including mathematics. When choosing his subjects for the final three years in Borgedydskolen in Christianshavn (Copenhagen) before university, he opted for languages and history. At the University of Copenhagen he embarked on the study of medicine in 1889, but broke it off and was apprenticed to the machine firm of A/S Frichs Eftf. in Aarhus. He was employed between 1893 and 1899 as a mechanic and assistant in the laboratory of the Copenhagen Telephone Company KTAS. Eventually he advanced to be Head of the line fault department. This suited his desire for experiment and measurement perfectly. After the invention of the telegraphone in 1898, he left the laboratory and with responsible business people he created Aktieselskabet Telegrafonen, Patent Poulsen in order to develop it further, together with Peder Oluf Pedersen (1874– 1941). Pedersen brought with him the mathematical background which eventually led to his professorship in electronic engineering in 1922.

The telegraphone was the basis for multinational industrial endeavours after it was demonstrated at the 1900 World's Exhibition in Paris. It must be said that its strength was also its weakness, because the telegraphone was unique in bringing sound recording and reproduction to the telephone field, but the lack of electronic amplifiers delayed its use outside this and the dictation fields (where headphones could be used) until the 1920s. However, commercial interest was great enough to provoke a number of court cases concerning patent infringement, in which Poulsen frequently figured as a witness.

In 1903–4 Poulsen and Pedersen developed the arc generator for continuous radio waves which was used worldwide for radio transmitters in competition with Marconi's spark-generating system. The inspiration for this work came from the research by William Duddell on the musical arc. Whereas Duddell had proposed the use of the oscillations generated in his electric arc for telegraphy in his 1901 UK patent, Poulsen contributed a chamber of hydrogen and a transverse magnetic field which increased the efficiency remarkably. He filed patent applications on these constructions from 1902 and the first publication in a scientific forum took place at the International Electrical Congress in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904.

In order to use continuous waves efficiently (the high frequency constituted a carrier), Poulsen developed both a modulator for telegraphy and a detector for the carrier wave. The modulator was such that even the more primitive spark-communication receivers could be used. Later Poulsen and Pedersen developed frequency-shift keying.

The Amalgamated Radio-Telegraph Company Ltd was launched in London in 1906, combining the developments of Poulsen and those of De Forest Wireless Telegraph Syndicate. Poulsen contributed his English and American patents. When this company was liquidated in 1908, its assets were taken over by Det Kontinentale Syndikat for Poulsen Radio Telegrafi, A/S in Copenhagen (liquidated 1930–1). Some of the patents had been sold to C.Lorenz AG in Berlin, which was very active.

The arc transmitting system was in use worldwide from about 1910 to 1925, and the power increased from 12 kW to 1,000 kW. In 1921 an exceptional transmitter rated at 1,800 kW was erected on Java for communications with the Netherlands. More than one thousand installations had been in use worldwide. The competing systems were initially spark transmitters (Marconi) and later rotary converters ( Westinghouse). Similar power was available from valve transmitters only much later.

From c. 1912 Poulsen did not contribute actively to further development. He led a life as a well-respected engineer and scientist and served on several committees. He had his private laboratory and made experiments in the composition of matter and certain resonance phenomena; however, nothing was published. It has recently been suggested that Poulsen could not have been unaware of Oberlin Smith's work and publication in 1888, but his extreme honesty in technical matters indicates that his development was indeed independent. In the case of the arc generator, Poulsen was always extremely frank about the inspiration he gained from earlier developers' work.

[br]

Bibliography

1899, British patent no. 8,961 (the first British telegraphone patent). 1903, British patent no. 15,599 (the first British arc-genera tor patent).

His scientific publications are few, but fundamental accounts of his contribution are: 1900, "Das Telegraphon", Ann. d. Physik 3:754–60; 1904, "System for producing continuous oscillations", Trans. Int. El. Congr. St. Louis, Vol. II, pp. 963–71.

Further Reading

A.Larsen, 1950, Telegrafonen og den Traadløse, Ingeniørvidenskabelige Skrifter no. 2, Copenhagen (provides a very complete, although somewhat confusing, account of Poulsen's contributions; a list of his patents is given on pp. 285–93).

F.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Re cor ding in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (it is here that doubt is expressed about whether Poulsen's ideas were developed independently).

GB-N

Biographical history of technology > Poulsen, Valdemar
18 Savery, Thomas

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

[br]

b. c. 1650 probably Shilston, near Modbury, Devonshire, England

d. c. 15 May 1715 London, England

[br]

English inventor of a partially successful steam-driven pump for raising water.

[br]

Little is known of the early years of Savery's life and no trace has been found that he served in the Army, so the title "Captain" is thought to refer to some mining appointment, probably in the West of England. He may have been involved in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, for later he was well known to William of Orange. From 1705 to 1714 he was Treasurer for Sick and Wounded Seamen, and in 1714 he was appointed Surveyor of the Water Works at Hampton Court, a post he held until his death the following year. He was interested in mechanical devices; amongst his early contrivances was a clock.

He was the most prolific inventor of his day, applying for seven patents, including one in 1649, for polishing plate glass which may have been used. His idea for 1697 for propelling ships with paddle-wheels driven by a capstan was a failure, although regarded highly by the King, and was published in his first book, Navigation Improved (1698). He tried to patent a new type of floating mill in 1707, and an idea in 1710 for baking sea coal or other fuel in an oven to make it clean and pure.

His most famous invention, however, was the one patented in 1698 "for raising water by the impellent force of fire" that Savery said would drain mines or low-lying land, raise water to supply towns or houses, and provide a source of water for turning mills through a water-wheel. Basically it consisted of a receiver which was first filled with steam and then cooled to create a vacuum by having water poured over the outside. The water to be pumped was drawn into the receiver from a lower sump, and then high-pressure steam was readmitted to force the water up a pipe to a higher level. It was demonstrated to the King and the Royal Society and achieved some success, for a few were installed in the London area and a manufactory set up at Salisbury Court in London. He published a book, The Miner's Friend, about his engine in 1702, but although he made considerable improvements, due to excessive fuel consumption and materials which could not withstand the steam pressures involved, no engines were installed in mines as Savery had hoped. His patent was extended in 1699 until 1733 so that it covered the atmospheric engine of Thomas Newcomen who was forced to join Savery and his other partners to construct this much more practical engine.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1706.

Bibliography

1698, Navigation Improved.

1702, The Miner's Friend.

Further Reading

The entry in the Dictionary of National Biography (1897, Vol. L, London: Smith Elder \& Co.) has been partially superseded by more recent research. The Transactions of the Newcomen Society contain various papers; for example, Rhys Jenkins, 1922–3, "Savery, Newcomen and the early history of the steam engine", Vol. 3; A.Stowers, 1961–2, "Thomas Newcomen's first steam engine 250 years ago and the initial development of steam power", Vol. 34; A.Smith, 1977–8, "Steam and the city: the committee of proprietors of the invention for raising water by fire", 1715–1735, Vol. 49; and J.S.P.Buckland, 1977–8, "Thomas Savery, his steam engine workshop of 1702", Vol. 49. Brief accounts may be found in H.W. Dickinson, 1938, A Short History of the Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press, and R.L. Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press. There is another biography in T.I. Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.Black.

RLH

Biographical history of technology > Savery, Thomas
19 box up

1) класть в коробки, запаковывать When Harry went to sea, his things were boxed up and put in the storeroom. ≈ Когда Харри уплыл на корабле, его вещи запаковали и сдали на хранение. Your books have to be boxed up to send to university. ≈ Вам придется упаковать свои книги прежде чем отсылать их в Университет.
2) втискивать, запихивать It's good to get outside in the fresh air again, after being boxed up in the house all winter. ≈ Как хорошо выйти снова на свежий воздух после того, как просидел всю зиму в четырех стенах.
3) неумелыми действиями портить, путать дело;
вносить беспорядок
4) обыкн. амер. закрывать досками
5) австрал. смущать, приводить в замешательство (в основном о животных, см. box I
1. 1н)) The sheep were all boxed up, running round in circles. ≈ Скотина была в замешательстве и бегала туда-сюда. втискивать, запихивать - we were boxed up in a small room нас втиснули в маленькую комнату

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > box up
20 box up

box up а) класть в коробки, запаковывать When Harry went to sea, his thingswere boxed up and put in the storeroom. Your books have to be boxed up to sendto university. б) втискивать, запихивать It's good to get outside in the freshair again, after being boxed up in the house all winter. в) неумелыми действи-ями портить, путать дело; вносить беспорядок г) закрывать досками You'd betterbox up the doorway until we can get a new door. д) смущать, приводить в заме-шательство The sheep were all boxed up, running round in circles.

Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > box up

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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